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• W1520298008 abstract "The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI; 2012) reports that the greatest barrier preventing college students from seeking help for a mental illness is stigma. Previous research has yet to develop an effective stigma reduction intervention targeting college students. Therefore, the purpose of the following research was to examine whether the administration of personalized normative feedback (PNF) could reduce personal stigma and correct the perception that others stigmatize mental illness. It was hypothesized that participants at baseline would expect others to hold more stigmatizing views compared to themselves. In order to correct this misperception and reduce stigma, half of the participants received PNF comparing their perspective of mental health with the actual norms from local and national data. It was expected that participants who received PNF would significantly reduce their personal and perceived public stigma compared to the control condition. Additionally, it was predicted that individuals in the PNF condition would be more likely to support allocating funds to mental health initiatives on campus. Study 1 confirmed that individuals incorrectly believe that others hold more negative stigmatizing views toward mental health compared to themselves. Study 2 demonstrated that the administration of PNF led to a reduction in perceived public stigma, but there was no observed decrease in personal stigma. Also, participants who received PNF did not differ from the control condition in how much funding they supported allocating to mental health initiatives. Therefore, future research must employ innovative techniques to reduce personal stigma of mental health in the college population. NORMATIVE FEEDBACK AND MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA 3 The Influence of Normative Feedback on Stigma of Mental Health Attending a college or university can be a stressful period for young adults as they must adapt to an independent lifestyle, establish new friendships, and keep up with a rigorous academic and extracurricular schedule. However, for a specific population of college students, this period can be even more challenging because they are worried that they may face stigma and discrimination for an uncontrollable aspect of their life. This population is composed of college students living with a mental health condition such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and many more. The American College Health Association (ACHA; 2012) found that more than 25 percent of college students had been diagnosed or treated by a professional for a mental health condition within the past year. Also, three quarters of all mental health disorders have first onset before age 24, which corresponds to the same period when many individuals are pursuing a postsecondary education (Kessler 2005). As enrollment at colleges has continued to grow in previous years, college counseling services report an increase in the prevalence and severity of mental health issues and need for psychiatric medication by students (American College Counseling Association, 2010). To further understand the scope of mental health issues on campuses, National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI; 2012) surveyed and recorded the personal experiences of college students from across the nation who were living with at least one mental health condition. NAMI found that only 50% of students disclosed their condition to their college administration, and 40% of students did not access mental health services and supports from the school or outside services while attending college. Therefore, these statistics pose a concerning question: why are college students who are struggling with a mental health condition hesitant to seek help or disclose their condition to receive support and accommodations? In the same survey, NAMI NORMATIVE FEEDBACK AND MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA 4 asked students why they did not disclose their condition to others or seek counseling. The number one reason why many college-attending mental illness sufferers do not disclose their condition to friends, faculty, and mental health service providers on campus is because of the perceived stigma and negative perception of mental health in our society. These students fear that if others discover that they have a condition like depression, they will unjustly perceive the student as possessing negative traits that do not correlate with the perception of a successful and functioning member of our society. For example, depressed medical students reported refusing to seek help for their depression because they feared the stigma of having a mental health condition would taint their academic record and career opportunities (Givens & Tija, 2002). Therefore, many students with a mental health condition would rather struggle with the condition without support, counseling, or accommodations than have to possibly face the perceived stigma that others hold against mental illness. Consequentially, it is then important to understand if this perceived stigma against individuals with a mental health condition is actually prevalent in our society. Eisenberg, Downs, Golberstein, and Zivin (2009) assessed mental health stigma by asking college students to rate their personal acceptance and the perceived public acceptance of individuals with mental health conditions using the Devaluation-Discrimination (D-D) scale. The researchers found that respondents generally did not personally hold stigmatizing views of people living with a mental health condition. However, the respondents believed that the general population thinks more negatively of individuals with a mental illness than they themselves did. Therefore, individuals are not aware that in actuality the general population does not stigmatize people with mental health conditions as expected. Although personal stigma was generally low, perceptions of the norm can influence an individual’s personal attitude and behavior such as using stigmas to shape NORMATIVE FEEDBACK AND MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA 5 their actions towards people with mental health conditions. Previous research supports that misperceptions of others’ attitudes and behaviors influence future behavior independent of past behavior and existing beliefs (Larimer, Turner, Mallett, & Geisner, 2004). Lastly, in addition to a perceived public stigma against mental health, many individuals also believe there is a general stigma against mental health service use (Golberstein, Eisenberg, and Gollust, 2008). In particular, the researchers found perceived public stigma of mental health service use was higher among individuals without any family members or friends who had used mental health services and among those who believed that therapy or medication was not very helpful. If it is believed that society as a whole possesses a stigma against mental illnesses and receiving care for a mental health condition, it is important to understand the behavioral and psychological consequences of this perceived stigma. Vogel, Wade, and Hackler (2007) found that perceived public stigma of mental health contributes to the experience of self-stigma, which then influences lack of willingness to seek help. Therefore, individuals may be less likely to seek help for their mental health problems if perceived public stigma has negatively shaped their own attitude to stigmatize mental illness and help-seeking. Also, Quinn and Chaudoir (2009) examined how living with a concealable stigmatized identity such as a mental illness or sexual orientation can affect a person’s psychological well-being and health. Their results indicated that anticipating greater stigma and identifying more strongly with the specific condition predicted psychological distress. Therefore, it is worth consideration to examine the effectiveness of different personal and perceived public stigma reduction programs in order to prevent the negative psychological consequences that individuals with mental health conditions experience while facing anticipated and actual stigma." @default.
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