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• W1520651572 abstract "I think that if people put so much emphasis on family and children, it is because they live in great isolation; they have no friends, no love, no affection, nobody. They are alone; therefore they have children in order to have somebody. Simone de Beauvoir Like Simone de Beauvoir, Toni Morrison criticizes parents who enmesh themselves in their children. De Beauvoir condemns contemporary family as an inadequate solution for the problems generated by an evil society (15), but Morrison's view of family relations depicted in her novels is considerably more textured, since she is interested in etiology and consequences of enmeshment. By emphasizing contextual dimensions of her family dramas, interpersonal family patterns that develop intergenerationally, Morrison extends her sympathies to all her characters, even most seemingly undeserving ones. Yet family as interpersonal system has been largely neglected in studies of Morrison, even in Song of Solomon, perhaps her most ambitious multigenerational text.1 From perspective of psychological criticism, dominant critical discourse has been resolutely Freudian. As Eleanor Branch writes, There is no question . . . that Milkman's story is, in part, centered on resolution of issues (70; see also Rushdy 311-16 and Hirsch 82-92). The psychoanalytic critic's attention is most often directed to Milkman's antagonism toward his father, or his obsessive relationship with his mother, or his apparent inability to another woman. But too exclusive a focus on Oedipal issues leads invariably both to an oversimplification of complex generational relationships within family and to a diminution of reader's sympathies that Morrison attempts to evoke for her characters. If a character's behavior is conceived of in solely intrapsychic terms-of unconscious properties and drives residing exclusively in self-critical discussion leads to unequivocal moral judgments for or against characters. The clinical tension between self and family is intensified by an exclusive focus on either individual (i.e., intrapsychic clinical theory) or family (interpsychic theory). The Complex as a theoretical orientation, as Knapp suggests, oversimplifies because it does not address self-in-family (59-69). Without mapping systemic operations of families depicted in novel, it is therefore inevitable for critic (such as Heinze 85), to choose sides in novel's Family Feud, creating simplified dichotomies of villain and victim, good living and bad living, Northern and Southern personalities, and materialistic versus aesthetic families. If critical focus shifts emphasis from intrapsychic to interpersonal or social dynamic, we discover that Song of Solomon is a portrait of enmeshment-the suffocating bond parents occasionally create with their children that Morrison calls anaconda love (137).2 Song dramatizes a variety of relational constructs that lead to parental enmeshment. The novel contrasts Macon Dead's and Ruth Foster's families of origin to reveal why they overinvolve themselves in Milkman's life, as they attempt to recapitulate childhood patterns in their own family. Morrison, however, does not privilege Pilate's unconventional, matriarchal, marginalized family unit over Macon and Ruth's conventional, patriarchal, bourgeois nuclear family, as critics often claim. Neither Pilate's nor Macon's family is functional; both sets of parents seek to fuse with their offspring to satisfy their own emotional cravings. Understanding web of family dysfunctionality increases an appreciation of each character's complexity and of novel's ambitious thematic design. A Nice Place: Lincoln's Heaven as Macon's Lost Governor The Dead family is organized by brutality and violence, most notably Macon Dead's wife-beating and his abuse of his children. Macon is easy for reader to despise, for he seems created to elicit distaste and contempt. …" @default.
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• W1520651572 date "1997-06-22" @default.
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• W1520651572 title "Anaconda Love: Parental Enmeshment in Toni Morrison's 'Song of Solomon.'(Family Systems Psychotherapy and Literature/Literary Criticism)" @default.
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