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• W1520743590 abstract "Neither the United Nations Refugee Convention nor the US Refugee Act of 1980 take into account the particular experiences of women in framing the rules for granting refugee status. Gender is not among the protected grounds in the Convention or the federal statute, so to qualify for asylum a woman who suffered gender-related persecution has had to fit her experience within one of the male-normative grounds. Starting in the mid-1990s, however, a series of important developments occurred that culminated years later in the Board of Immigration Appeals' (BIA) decision recognizing domestic violence as a basis for asylum. This piece is a brief overview of the long backstory. In1995, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) adopted Considerations for Asylum Officers Adjudicating Asylum Claims from Women. The considerations were persuasive authority for immigration judges, and eventually led the BIA to issue a precedent decision in the Kasinga case recognizing female-genital mutilation as a basis for asylum. The Kasinga case opened the door to other claims involving the particular harms faced by women and girls and eventually led the government to recognize domestic violence as a basis for asylum, but not until over a decade of litigation and advocacy. In 1999, in Matter of RA, the BIA overturned an immigration judge’s decision granting asylum to a Guatemalan woman who fled Guatemala after suffering years of violence at the hands of her spouse. Over the next ten years, immigrant advocacy groups, in dialogue with sympathetic insiders at the INS and later DHS, worked to develop a legal framework to guide adjudicators in deciding these claims. RA, however, became a hot potato politically. In 2009, in a different case, DHS filed a brief outlining a framework for deciding domestic violence asylum claims and then asked the BIA to remand RA to the immigration judge, who granted asylum. Finally, in August 2014, in ARCG, a precedent setting decision, the BIA recognized that domestic violence can be a basis for asylum, finding that the applicant was a member of a particular social group defined by her gender and marital status. This backstory reflects evolving understandings of the gendered nature of asylum law, and the results of an over ten-year behind-the-scenes dialogue between immigrant advocates and government insiders who were eventually able to agree on a legal framework that was consistent with asylum law and acceptable to policymakers." @default.
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• W1520743590 date "2015-05-16" @default.
• W1520743590 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W1520743590 title "Gender-Based Asylum" @default.
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