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• W1521082868 abstract "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently prescribed drug groups. These drugs are used dermally or systemically in treatment of various rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as for osteoarthritis, low back pain and some joint diseases. The mechanism of action of NSAIDs is reversible inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) and decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins (Lionberger 2010; Massey 2010). However, these drugs lead to unfavorable effects specifically on the stomach as a result of inhibition of prostaglandins (PGs), which play a role in protection of the gastric mucosa, in systemic administration. The severity of these unfavorable side effects may range from a simple ailment like dyspepsia to peptic ulcer and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Furthermore, the acidic character of NSAIDs may lead to local irritation and lesions on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Therefore, some NSAIDs are administered percutaneously and transdermally to achieve local or systemic effect as an alternative to oral and parenteral administration (Heyneman et al., 2000; Hooper et al., 2004). In dermal administration, the drug substances have to pass the stratum corneum (SC) layer to reach lower layers of the skin and/or to enter systemic circulation. In this context, formulation of the product may play a key role for penetration and absorption of the active ingredient (Lee & Maibach, 2006). Several formulation approaches for cutaneous administration of NSAIDs have been employed. The conventional pharmaceutical forms particularly used for dermal administration to achieve local effect are gels, creams and ointments (Williams, 2003). Furthermore, studies on novel drug delivery systems are available for transdermal administration of NSAIDs. These new approaches include liquid crystals, nano/micro emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid particles and patches. These systems are used to enhance cutaneous passage of drugs into systemic circulation and to target different layers of the skin (Guy, 2010; Santos et al., 2008; El Maghraby et al., 2008; Ceve, 2004). Different approaches have been performed to enhance cutaneous passage of drugs with the objective of overcoming the low skin permeability (Guy, 2010; Tromer & Neubert," @default.
• W1521082868 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1521082868 date "2012-01-18" @default.
• W1521082868 modified "2023-10-03" @default.
• W1521082868 title "Novel Formulation Approaches for Dermal and Transdermal Delivery of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs" @default.
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• W1521082868 doi "https://doi.org/10.5772/28461" @default.
• W1521082868 hasPublicationYear "2012" @default.
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