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• W1522767389 abstract "Women’s movements in the Middle East vary in terms of specific historical trajectories as well as current ideas and practices. Yet, they are similar in that they share several historical and political factors, such as their links to nationalist movements, their links to processes of modernization and development, and tensions between secular and religious tendencies. Specificities and differences can be found within overarching broad general themes, as becomes obvious in the context of two case studies Egypt and Turkey – which are explored in this report. The analyses of the women’s movements in Egypt and Turkey respectively entail a brief exploration of the historical context, i.e. the emergence and development of women’s organizations and feminist thought. The discussion of the historical context sheds light on its continuing significance in terms of our understanding of present-day women’s movements in the region. The fact that Turkey, unlike Egypt, has never been colonized is coupled with other historical factors that influence the current parameters of feminist discourses and activities. Kemalism and the specific ideology of Turkish nationalism employed by the Kemalist regime differs decisively from Nasserist and Arab nationalist ideologies associated with the Egyptian state. Yet, in both countries, as in many other parts of the region, women’s organizations were co-opted within the general strive for modernization and development. The contemporary context involves a discussion of the specific national political topography, which provides the backdrop to present-day feminist activism. In addition to questions pertaining to political economy, state-society relations, party politics, and legislation, the question of international affiliations and relations is also taken into account. The Egyptian women’s movement is particularly influenced by the state’s ambiguous role towards women’s organizations, the growth of civil society and its severe restrictions (Law 32), the role of the international arena, particularly donor organizations, as well the increasing influence of Islamist constituencies. In the Turkish case, the women’s movement has been able to work much more closely through the existing state structures and institutions, particularly the municipalities. The polarization between Islamist and secular constituencies, struggles for democratization and institutionalization of feminist activities, as well as debates about the Kemalist legacy, appear to particularly impact the Turkish women’s movement. The comparison between the two case studies suggests that despite differing historical and political contexts, women’s movements in both countries have in recent years challenged prevailing notions of political culture and institutions. By looking at the broader picture and also considering feminist activism in other parts of the region, it becomes evident that women’s movements in the Middle East are potential agents of democratization processes, yet they are extremely constrained by prevailing social and political structures, lack of clear institutional targets and ambiguous state policies." @default.
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• W1522767389 title "Women’s Movements in the Middle East: Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey" @default.
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