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• W1523766746 abstract "This paper outlines policies related to rural-urban educational inequality, then investigates evidence about disparities in access to primary and secondary education. Analyzing data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey and the 2000 Census, we focus on children in two age overlapping groups: “compulsory age,” or 7 to 16 year-olds, and “secondary age,” or 13 to 18 year-olds. Analyses show that the level of education in rural and urban areas is increasing rapidly, and that a large majority of urban and rural compulsory age children are now enrolled. Among the few children who remain locked out of access to compulsory education, the vast majority are rural; minority children and children in western regions are disproportionately represented; and girls are slightly overrepresented. Our investigation of secondary age children shows that as rural access to secondary level schooling has risen, so has urban access, such that a substantial rural penalty persists. There are significant geographic and ethnic disparities in the level of rural access, and in the rural-urban gap. The specific educational penalty for living in a rural area varies across regions, particularly at the secondary level. Moreover, our census analyses indicate that on average, the educational penalty for living in a rural area is substantially greater for minorities than for Han, and somewhat greater for girls than for boys, at both the compulsory and secondary ages. 2 Introduction Education has an increasingly important role to play in ameliorating or exacerbating rural-urban inequality in China. By the turn of the century, a person’s access to education had begun to matter a lot for his or her lifetime economic security. Returns to education in urban China have been rising since the onset of the market reform period in the late 1970s; returns nearly tripled during the period 1992 to 2003, rising from 4.0 to 11.4 percent. In rural areas, by the year 2000, an additional year of education increased wages by 6.4 percent among those engaged in wage employment, and education is becoming the dominant factor that determines whether rural laborers are successful in finding more lucrative off-farm jobs. Historically, children in rural areas have faced substantial disadvantages in securing education, but the trend in recent years, as incomes, inequality, and educational costs have all risen, is unclear. In this chapter, we review policies that have sought to address the urban rural gap in recent years, employ the China Health and Nutrition Survey (hereafter CHNS) to illuminate recent changes in urban-rural educational disparities, and analyze a sample from the 2000 census for a more detailed description of rural-urban disparities. Data Sources We draw on longitudinal, individual-level data on education from the 1989 through 2004 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), a multipurpose panel survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, in collaboration with the Carolina Population" @default.
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• W1523766746 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W1523766746 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1523766746 title "Urban-Rural Disparities in Access to Primary and Secondary Education Under Market Reform" @default.
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