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- W1523873362 abstract "Startle reflex is the method of studying non-corticospinal systems. A large body of evidence from animal studies suggests that the startle response originates in the caudal brainstem. Lesioning experiments in the rat have implicated the median bulbopontine reticular formation, particularly the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis as the main origin of the acoustic startle response. The efferent limb may be the reticulospinal and bulbospinal tracts, which originate in this area, and there is considerable evidence that the same organization occurs in humans. The absolute onset latency of the electromyographical (EMG) responses in the startle is rather variable and depends upon the modality of the stimulus, the intensity of the stimulus, and the expectancy of the subject. Typical onset latencies are of the order of 60 ms in the sternocleidomastoid muscle and 75 ms in the biceps. Although the absolute latency of the responses is variable, the pattern of activity between different muscles is usually more stereotyped. Voluntary reactions to sensory stimulation usually have a much longer latency than those of the startle response. The difference in latency between the voluntary startle responses is thought to be due to the fact that when subjects move voluntarily in response to a reaction signal, the cerebral cortex has to play a role in identifying the sensory stimulus and releasing the instructions to move." @default.
- W1523873362 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1523873362 date "2006-01-01" @default.
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- W1523873362 title "Chapter 18 The startle reflex, voluntary movement, and the reticulospinal tract" @default.
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- W1523873362 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70071-6" @default.
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