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• W1527860818 abstract "David Herbert's (1993) paper offers both a dynamic model of neighbourhood change and a cross-sectional evaluation based on a survey. The model suggests that increased incivilities in an area leads to increased fear and experience of crime, and a desire to leave the neighbourhood. The survey of 1,130 responds in eight housing areas is used to examine these relationships. Like much extensive geographical analysis, this study has to confront a paradox. It is people who fear and experience crime and incivilities, and yet there is a supra-individual level of explanation in the model. Traditionally, this paradox has become the dilemma of having to choose to work at either the individual or ecological scale. Fortunately, the dilemma can now be resolved by multilevel models that permit analysis at several levels simultaneously (Goldstein 1987; Jones 1991a, 1991b). This comment examines how Herbert tackles the problem, outlines the opportunities offered by multilevel modelling, and considers how studies should be designed to achieve the full potential of this analytical technique. Herbert's approach is to undertake two separate analyses. At the individual scale, incivilities is regressed on crime. Using dummy variables for the eight areas reveals that three areas have a significantly different level of incivilities compared to an overall average. We also discover that there is a markedly higher rate of experience of crime in the 21-30 year olds as compared to the over 60s, and that there are substantial gender differences in the fear of crime. At the ecological level, the average level of incivilities in an area is regressed on the average level of crime for the 8 areas. It is found that the areal incivilities rate is strongly related to crime experience in the areas in a non-linear manner; incivilities appear to level out as the crime rate continues to rise. Such a twofold analysis is problematic in substantive and technical terms. At the individual level, not taking account of areal structure is likely to lead to inferential problems. It is anticipated that respondents within an estate are alike and yet independence is assumed. The ignoring of this autocorrelation typically results in over statement of significance (Jones 1992). The use of dummy variables to represent areas results essentially in fitting a separate model to each estate. A single model is not being estimated for all the survey respondents, but a separate model is fitted for each area. Unacceptable levels of unreliability can occur particularly when complex relationships, such as incivilities and crime varying differentially between areas by gender and age, are" @default.
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• W1527860818 date "1994-01-01" @default.
• W1527860818 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1527860818 title "Analysing and designing extensive studies in which place matters: a comment on neighbourhood incivilities and the study of crime in place" @default.
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