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• W1528201105 abstract "Literature enriches human experience, as Carroll and other evolutionary theorists have pointed out. Many positive aspects of literature, such as how it can be used to transmit social information and how it can help people organize knowledge about the world, have been highlighted recently by evolutionary theorists (Boyd, Evolutionary; Scalise Sugiyama, Reverse-Engineering). As Carroll's essay indicates, there is an on-going debate about whether the capacity to produce and comprehend narratives is an adaptation or is parasitic on other evolved cognitive abilities. We suggest that this debate should be more informed by the possible negative - and sometimes maladaptive - consequences of the human species' capacity to experience narrative and engage in imagination. Researchers have argued that fiction allows people to simulate new experiences and vicariously learn about new situations (Mar Oatley; Scalise Sugiyama, Reverse-Engineering). These analyses have suggested that people expand their social knowledge through narratives, allowing them to learn about how society deals with things from marriage to murder. Through narratives, people learn what is expected of them and how to behave in new situations in accordance with societal norms. Narratives also bolster the ability to understand what is happening in the minds of other people. Many narratives allow people to take a different perspective, such as the perspective of somebody of the opposite gender. When people engage in social interactions, they may draw on the knowledge gained from narratives to help interact more smoothly. In that way, narratives play an important role in passing on social knowledge. While this analysis suggests that narrative plays an explicitly prosocial role in human development, we would do well to recall why Plato expressed a strong fear that stories could have a negative impact on children's moral development. In the Republic, Plato notes that and story-tellers are in error in matters of the greatest human importance. They have said that unjust men are often happy and just men wretched, that wrong-doing pays if you can avoid being found out, and that justice is good for someone else but is to your own disadvantage (Lee translation 148-49). For these reasons, we must be concerned that literature has the potential to corrupt. In fact, researchers have demonstrated that, after reading a moderately engaging story, people will express more agreement with statements that straightforwardly contradict real-world truths (e.g., that mental illnesses are contagious) (Prentice, Gerrig, and Bailis; see also Wheeler, Green, and Brock). Narrative impact does not fade quickly: When compared to immediate tests, readers' beliefs were more influenced by the story content two weeks after reading a story (Appel and Richter). When readers experience a strong sense of being transported to a narrative world - when they give reports of focused mental involvement with the story - they are also more likely to modify their beliefs and attitudes in the direction of the story (Green and Brock, Role). The experience of being transported effectively reduces readers' motivation to argue against information presented in a story (Green and Brock, Mind's Eye; and Prentice and Gerrig). Those works of literature that most effectively immerse their readers have the greatest potential to do both good and harm. The question becomes what distribution of information is actually made available through texts. Plato's characterization of the lessons offered by poets and story-tellers has great contemporary resonance. How can we be certain that, on balance, it's a good thing that readers absorb lessons from literature? As an example of why we might be concerned, consider the question of whether exposure to televised aggression has a negative impact on people's subsequent behavior. To address this question, Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski, and Eron undertook a longitudinal study. …" @default.
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• W1528201105 date "2008-06-22" @default.
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• W1528201105 title "How Might Literature Do Harm" @default.
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