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• W1528202454 abstract "Since the emergence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), there has been a great deal of interest in identifying cofactors that accelerate progression of the disease elicit‐ ed by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 or 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2). Beside inherent factors and environmental agents, speculations led to the conclusion that infectious diseases fre‐ quently occur in HIV infected persons, might augment HIV replication, and consequently facilitate AIDS progression. HIV infection is followed by a long disease-free period, during which a low number of CD4+ immune cells contains transcriptionally silent provirus. Acti‐ vation of CD4+ cells by external factors, including heterologous viruses, terminates latency forcing towards a productive HIV infection. Transactivation of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) by cellular, nuclear transcriptional factors (e.g. NF-κB, Sp1) induced by mitogens, cy‐ tokines, chemokines, simultaneous virus infections is followed by gene expression including the synthesis of the HIV transactivator protein (TAT), which binds to the transactivating re‐ sponse (TAR) element of the genome, ultimately leading to large scale production of HIV and death of infected cells through apoptosis [1,2]. In vitro studies showed that products of immediate early (IE) or early (E) genes of several DNA viruses such as human herpesviruses (HHV) -1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 8, adenoviruses, as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene, human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax gene upregulated production of these transcriptional factors and activate HIV-1 or HIV-2 in the same cells. Simultaneous infection in a single cell is relatively rare event in vivo; therefore such type of biological effects in nature could be minimal. On the contrary, cross-talk between immune cells carrying different viruses via cy‐ tokines, chemokines is more common. Heterologous viruses infect many types of cells, which are not targets of HIV, but release several immunomodulatory mediators, usually in" @default.
• W1528202454 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1528202454 date "2013-04-10" @default.
• W1528202454 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
• W1528202454 title "Interaction of FIV with Heterologous Microbes in the Feline AIDS Model" @default.
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• W1528202454 doi "https://doi.org/10.5772/52767" @default.
• W1528202454 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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