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• W1528787319 abstract "Behaviorism as a school of psychology was founded by John B. Watson, and grew into the neobehaviorisms of the 1920s, 30s and 40s. Philosophers were involved from the start, prefiguring the movement and endeavoring to define or redefine its tenets. Behaviorism expressed the naturalistic bent in American thought, which opposed the then prevailing philosophical idealism and was inspired by developments in natural science itself, especially biology. This naturalism was not materialistic; it viewed mind as a part of nature from a Darwinian and functionalist perspective. Although Watson adopted a strict materialism, other behaviorists, including Tolman, Hull, and Skinner, were biologically oriented and rejected materialism and physicalist reduction. After the 1940s the character of philosophical naturalism in America changed. The physicalism of some logical empiricists and Quine became prominent, and behaviorism was philosophically reinterpreted in physicalist terms. Comments University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-01-06. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/22 Behaviorism and Naturalism* Gary Hatfield University of Pennsylvania Behaviorism was a peculiarly American phenomenon. As a school of psychology it was founded by John B. Watson (1878-1958), and grew into the neobehaviorisms of the 1920s, 30s and 40s. Philosophers were involved from the start, prefiguring the movement and endeavoring to define or redefine its tenets. Behaviorism expressed the naturalistic bent in American thought, which came in response to the prevailing philosophical idealism and was inspired by developments in natural science itself. There were several versions of naturalism in American philosophy, and also several behaviorisms (Williams 1931, O’Neil 1995). Most behaviorists paid homage to Darwinian functionalism; all forswore introspection and made learned changes in behavior the primary subject matter and explanatory domain of psychology. Most behaviorists acknowledged that scientists begin from their own conscious experience, but denied that such experience could be an object of science or a source of evidence in psychology. They differed in their descriptions of behavior, modes of explanation, and attitudes toward mentalistic concepts. Watson was a strict materialist who wanted to eliminate all mentalistic talk from psychology. Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) regarded mind as a biological function of the organism. He permitted mentalistic terms such as ’purpose’ in behavioral description, and posited intervening processes that included ’representations’ of the environment, while requiring such processes be studied only as expressed in behavior. Clark L. Hull (1884-1952) developed a hypothetical-deductive version of _________________________ *Forthcoming as Chapter 53 of Thomas Baldwin (ed.), _ C_ a_ m_ b_ r_ i_ d_ g_ e _ H_ i_ s_ t_ o_ r_ y _ o_ f _ P_ h_ i_ l_ o_ s_ o_ p_ h_ y: _ 1_ 8_ 7_ 0-_ 1_ 9_ 4_ 5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)." @default.
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• W1528787319 title "Behaviorism and Naturalism" @default.
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