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• W1533742476 abstract "ARMY PRIVATE Jessica Lynch captured interest of entire world when, on 2 April 2003, a special operations team rescued her from captivity in Saddam Hospital compound in Nasiriya, Iraq.1 On 23 March, her unit's convoy had taken a wrong turn and was ambushed by Iraqis. Lynch became a prisoner of war (POW) under law of war-the international body of law principally made up of Hague Regulations and Geneva Conventions.2 Her dramatic rescue brought home one of realities of war-the potential of enemies to capture U.S. troops during armed conflict. As a member of regular Armed Forces, Lynch had right to be classified as a POW, which should have guaranteed to her a certain level of treatment while in captivity. A second critical right she received from prosecution under enemy's law for any lawful, precapture, warlike acts. This important referred to as immunity.3 Thus, if Lynch had shot and killed an Iraqi soldier during ambush, she could not be tried for murder; she would be cloaked in a blanket of immunity for her combatant acts. Lynch's POW status and privileges that flow from that status were never in doubt. The real debate as to status lies elsewhere-with civilians on battlefield. The modern battlefield increasingly populated with civilians and paramilitary operatives who accompany U.S. forces in support of military operations. Assume, for a moment, that civilians are in Lynch's convoy. When firefight ensues, several Iraqis are killed, and enemy captures two civilians. The Iraqis quickly discover that one civilian a contractor hired by Army to maintain power generators; other a CIA paramilitary operative responsible for organizing resistance movements within Iraq. The civilian contractor accompanying force produces an identification card indicating his status as a civilian accompanying force. The paramilitary operative has no such card. Both wear civilian attire, but paramilitary operative has a weapon; civilian accompanying force unarmed. The capture of these civilians brings to forefront whether they should be afforded same protections as Lynch received under international law. But, should they be deprived of such protections because their presence on battlefield somehow violates principle of embedded in law of war; that is, principle that civilians must be distinguished from combatants? The Principle of Distinction The principle of distinction fundamental to law of war and is foundation on which codification of laws and customs of war rests[.]4 Under customary international law (law adhered to by custom) distinction imposes a two-part obligation on parties to conflict. First, civilians must be distinguished from combatants. Second, with combatants distinguished from civilians, parties to a conflict can target only combatants and military objectives. This two-part obligation, codified in 1977 by Article 48 of First Additional Protocol of Geneva Conventions of 1949, says, [T]o ensure respect for and protection of civilian population and civilian objects, Parties to conflict shall at all times distinguish between civilian population and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives and accordingly shall direct their operations only against military objectives.5 To accomplish first prong of distinction-the distinction between civilians and combatants-a line must be drawn between what constitutes a combatant and what constitutes a civilian. An individual can hold only one status of two under law of war: combatant or civilian. A combatant one who has the right to participate directly in hostilities.6 For example, members of Armed Forces of a party to conflict are combatants. The right to participate in hostilities provides them with two important rights on capture: POW status and combatant immunity. …" @default.
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• W1533742476 date "2004-09-01" @default.
• W1533742476 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1533742476 title "The Law of War and Civilians on the Battlefield: Are We Undermining Civilian Protections?" @default.
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