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• W1534851621 abstract "Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide [1]. Over 1.1 million cases of breast cancer are diagnosed across the world each year, compared with about 500,000 cases in 1975. This represents about 10% of all new cancer cases and 23% of all female cancers [2-3]. An annual prevalence of more than 4.4 million cases of breast cancer is expected worldwide by the year 2012 [4]. In the past years, our knowledge of the genetic changes that contribute to breast cancer development & progression has tremendously changed [5]. Our knowledge of alterations in the cancer cell have allowed us to identify the signaling pathways that when disrupted allow a cancer cell to escape from normal control mechanisms [6]. On the other hand, these aberrant processes have also provided many therapeutic points for intervention, which is the major topic of this chapter. Following the successful introduction of trastuzumab, the first human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) targeted therapy to become widely used in breast cancer patients, other agents have been developed [7]. Other potential hallmarks of malignancy that represent a new opportunity for therapeutic targeting include abrogation of apoptosis, lack of senescence, angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis [8]. Therefore, new compounds are being developed that may interfere with these hallmarks and that may prove to be effective in monotherapy or in combination with cytotoxic therapy or other targeted therapies. Novel agents are needed because many of the current therapies have limitations. These include drug resistance, lack of target receptor expression in tumors and relatively small improvements in survival [9-12]. Thus, this chapter provides an updated overview of the several signaling transduction pathways involved in development of breast cancer. In addition, it focuses on recent progress with the therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways contributing to their promising success in the clinical setting. Furthermore, molecular signals of its resistance phenotype and breast cancer stem cells & their therapeutic targeting are discussed briefly. Finally, the challenges facing the significant contribution of targeted therapeutics in breast cancer chemotherapy are also extensively discussed. Wherever possible, advances in drug analogs, accepted or controversial mechanisms described for their antitumor activity will be discussed within the framework of the current chapter." @default.
• W1534851621 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1534851621 creator A5003343672 @default.
• W1534851621 creator A5009050214 @default.
• W1534851621 date "2011-11-30" @default.
• W1534851621 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
• W1534851621 title "Signal Transduction Pathways in Breast Cancer – Drug Targets and Challenges" @default.
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