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• W1535607573 abstract "This paper deals with some aspects of ovine biology which are relevant to the use of the sheep as a model for fetal and paediatric research. Birth weight in sheep covers the same range as that in man, and neonatal mortality in both species is high at the weight extremes, particularly the lower extreme. Despite the absence of a prematurity problem in sheep, their neonatal mortality is some 15%, compared with 3% in man. The birth weight of lambs is sensitive to a variety of expected influences (maternal disease, number in litter, sex, parental breeds, maternal age, size and parity), but lamb birth weight, particularly of multiples, is also very sensitive to the level of maternal prenatal nutrition. Chronic exposure of pregnant ewes to heat will also produce lambs weighing as little as 1 kg, compared with a minimum of 2 kg that can be produced by nutritional restriction. It is also possible to produce 1 kg lambs by surgical removal (before mating) of many of the discrete sites for placental attachment (caruncles); despite compensatory placental growth, placental size and hence lamb size is reduced. The peculiarities of digestion and metabolism in ruminants make it difficult for the pregnant ewe to provide adequate glucose for fetal requirements; and it seems reasonable to explain all these influences on birth weight as acting, at least in part, through restriction of the nutrient supply to the fetus. It is not known whether lambs small for different reasons have different rates of mortality, but small lambs are at a great thermal disadvantage because of the high surface area: weight ratio and retarded coat development. Lambs from nutritionally deprived ewes have poor vigour, and small lambs in general have reduced energy resources (fat and glycogen) which are probably affected by the supply of nutrients near term. Reduced birth weight is also associated with altered body proportions, but virtually independently of the mode of reduction. Muscle, spleen, liver, thymus and thyroid weights tend to be disproportionately small in small lambs. Chronic maternal hyperthermia tends to produce microcephaly and cavitation of the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Finally, a plea is made for medical research workers who study sheep to familiarize themselves with ovine biology." @default.
• W1535607573 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1535607573 date "1974-01-01" @default.
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• W1535607573 title "Birth Weight of Lambs: Influences and Consequences" @default.
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• W1535607573 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470720097.ch11" @default.
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