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• W1538522509 abstract "Dams, Displacement, and Delusion of Development: Cahora Bassa and Its Legacies in Mozambique, 1965-2007. By Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara S. Isaacman. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. New African Histories Series. Pp. xvi, 291; illustrations. $32.95 paper.As African colonies moved toward independence in 1950s and 1960s, colonial societies of southern dug in and began building enormous dams. The Orange River Project in South and Kariba Dam on Zimbabwe-Zambia border, built in 1950s, were followed in 1960s and 1970s by Kunene River Scheme in Angola and Cahora Bassa in Mozambique. Even at time, it was widely understood that these megaprojects were about more than water and hydroelectricity: a contemporaneous pamphlet critical of Kunene River Scheme in Angola, a partnership between Portugal and South Africa, was titled White Power.Cahora Bassa is perhaps most remarkable of these monuments to white supremacy. In this book, Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman explore its impact on Mozambique's people and environment. It is the largest dam in world producing energy mainly for export (p. 3) and, quoting a 1984 FAO report, possibly [the] least environmentally acceptable major dam project in Africa (p. 128). Begun in 1970, dam was completed mere months before Mozambique's independence. Cahora Bassa was, Isaacmans argue, the last 'great' colonial infrastructure project in Africa (p. 9). It shared many features with other large dam projects, including uprooting of communities without compensation into new settlements that utterly lacked natural resources and adequate infrastructure. The fact that construction coincided with Frelimo's war on colonial state simply added layers of violence and exploitation. Portugal was already rounding up large swaths of Mozambican peasantry and interning them in aldeamentos-villages surrounded by barbed wire and kept under close military surveillance to prevent people from aiding Frelimo. Those displaced by dam joined their ranks.Whether due to nature of Portuguese colonialism in general or to exigencies of looming independence and South African demand, Cahora Bassa also followed a somewhat distinctive environmental trajectory. Large dams are never ecologically neutral, to be sure. But Isaacmans vividly describe havoc wreaked by decision to fill reservoir not gradually, but as quickly as possible: sluice gates slammed shut and Zambezi essentially ceased to flow below dam; lake was filled in less than four months. (Compare this to fact that Lake Kariba, about three times larger, was filled over course of more than four years.) The initial filling of lake was followed over next four decades by dramatic and unpredictable-to those downstream-openings and closings that created gargantuan floods or virtually stopped river, none of it bearing any resemblance to river's former seasonal fluctuations.The Isaacmans argue, persuasively, that Cahora Bassa remained a colonial project decades after Mozambique's independence. It was owned and run by Portugal and delivered power to South at prices far below market rates. (When Mozambique finally took ownership of dam in 2007, less than 6 percent of Mozambicans had access to electricity.) In early 1980s, Renamo attacked pylons that delivered power to its South African patrons-damage that eventually cost $2 billion to repair-and dam was idled for fifteen years.The book follows a roughly chronological approach, with an initial chapter on history of human use of Zambezi in four centuries prior to dam's construction, as well as Portuguese views of river. This is followed by chapters that detail building of dam, eviction of farmers from riverbanks, and dam's downstream ecological impacts. The book's final two chapters consider compromised resource sovereignty of Frelimo government-which nevertheless heralded dam as an instrument of socialist transformation-as well as regional political economy of dam, its legacies today, and debate over building a second large dam downstream. …" @default.
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• W1538522509 title "Dams, Displacement, and the Delusion of Development: Cahora Bassa and Its Legacies in Mozambique, 1965-2007" @default.
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