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- W1539633113 abstract "Publisher Summary This chapter discusses placental function, placental vasculature, the role of placenta as a metabolic organ, and placental growth factors. On a physiological basis, placentas are classified into four types: hemochorial, endotheliochorial, syndesmochorial, and epitheliochorial. There are anatomical and functional differences among different types of placentas. Due to practical and technical advantages, animal placentas have been used to study placental function and toxicology. The human placenta is of the hemochorial type, in which the fetal tissue is in direct contact with the maternal blood. The membrane separating the maternal and fetal compartments is thin and consists of only three layers: syncytiotrophoblast, connective tissue, and vascular fetal endothelium. The intensity of the passage of substances across the placenta is inversely proportional to the thickness of placental membranes. For example, the magnitude of Na+ exchange across different types of placentas can be arranged in the following order: hemochorial > endotheliochorial > syndesmochorial > epitheliochorial. In all types of placentas, Na+ exchange increases with gestation, reaching maximum shortly before term. In the hemochorial placenta, the exchange decreases at the end of gestation because of deposition of fibrinoid on the exchanging surface. Exchange involves not only physiological constituents, but also substances or elements, which represent a pathologic risk for the fetus. Therefore, the chapter presents the assessment of placental toxicology of chemicals considering all physiological and functional variables." @default.
- W1539633113 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1539633113 creator A5090974608 @default.
- W1539633113 date "1998-01-01" @default.
- W1539633113 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W1539633113 title "Chapter 13 Placental toxicology" @default.
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- W1539633113 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1569-2582(98)80105-0" @default.
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