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• W1540976776 abstract "Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1999 at two locations (Maricopa and Marana). The Maricopa experiment has been conducted for nine consecutive seasons, the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for Upland cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO3 -N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive, N application regimes did not benefit yields at any location. In 1999, fruit retention levels were low and crop vigor was high at the Maricopa site. As a result, even slight increases in N fertilization and crop vigor translated into lower yield. Introduction The management of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is a very important component of any cotton (Gossypium spp.) production program in Arizona. Water, and N are normally the most limiting inputs to successful cotton production in most desert soils. It is important for farmers to use fertilizer N efficiently to maintain optimum return in yield for the amount of fertilizer N provided. Also, from an environmental standpoint, it is important to manage fertilizer N so that downward movement of NO 3 -N in the soil profile, can be minimized. For cotton production systems in the desert Southwest, there are several N management tools available to manage fertilizer N inputs efficiently in terms of economic, agronomic, and environmental concerns. Nitrogen management tools include: residual soil NO3 -N levels from preseason soil samples, inputs of NO3 -N through irrigation water, petiole samples taken in-season for NO3 -N analysis, fruit load and growth pattern measurements of the crop in terms of N needs, and the use of split applications of fertilizer N through the course of the season (Silvertooth and Doerge, 1990). Recommendations from University of Arizona Cooperative Extension personnel concerning N management in cotton usually include the aforementioned tools. Fertilizer N applications based purely on conjecture or guesswork are discouraged. The two field experiments conducted in 1998 serve as an extension of consecutive experiments from 1989 through 1998 (Silvertooth et al., 1990; Silvertooth et al., 1991b; Silvertooth et al., 1992; Silvertooth et al., 1993; Silvertooth et al., 1994; Silvertooth et al., 1995; Silvertooth and Norton, 1996; Silvertooth and Norton, 1997; Silvertooth and Norton, 1998; and Silvertooth and Norton, 1999) to develop and refine guidelines for recommendations concerning the integration of N management tools to improve overall efficiency for the grower. Objectives for these experiments are: 1) to compare several fertilizer N management strategies for cotton in terms of N fertility status of the crop, and yield; and 2) develop refinements in the fertilizer N recommendations associated with in-season N fertility assessments using cotton petiole analysis and fruit load development. Materials and Methods Field experiments were conducted in 1999 at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center (MAC) and the Marana Agricultural Center (MAR). Upland cotton (G. hirsutum L., var. DP 33b) was dry-planted and watered-up on a Casa Grande sandy loam on 13 April at Maricopa. The experimental structure was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The N treatments are outlined in Table 1. Plots were eight, 40 inch rows wide and extended the full length of the irrigation run (600 ft.). At Marana, Upland cotton (var. DP 33b), was planted into moisture on Pima clay loam soil on 14 April in plots which were eight, 40 inch rows wide and 600 ft. in length, with N treatments (Table 1) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All pest control and irrigation management practices were carried out on optimum, an as-needed basis at each location. Surface soil samples were collected preseason at each location, to which routine soil analyses were performed. Basic plant measurements were carried out within each plot on a regular 14 day interval for the entire season. These measurements included plant heights, number of mainstem nodes per plant, flower numbers per 167 ft. area, and the number of nodes above the top white flower to the terminal (NAWF). Petioles were also sampled on a routine basis throughout the season and analyzed for NO3 -N. Plant mapping was performed on each distinct treatment (variety and N treatment) at 14 day intervals during the course of the season. Results from the plant mapping provide information concerning the percent total fruit retention (sum of positions one and two on each fruiting branch) for each treatment, a record of the general vegetative/reproductive balance maintained by the various treatments over time, and maturity progress. The N fertilization regimes utilized at each location are outlined in Tables 2 and 3 for Maricopa and Marana, respectively. Final irrigations and harvest dates were 31 August and 9 November, at Maricopa and 23 August and 20 October at Marana. Lint yields were obtained for each treatment by harvesting the entire center four rows of each plot with a two row mechanical picker. Seedcotton subsamples were collected for ginning, from which lint turnout estimates were made. Fertilizer N use efficiency (FUE) estimates were made consistent with the methods outlined by Norton and Silvertooth, (1998) and Navarro et al. (1997). Results were analyzed statistically in accordance to procedures outlined by Steel and Torrie (1980) and the SAS Institute (SAS, 1988)." @default.
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• W1540976776 date "2000-01-01" @default.
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• W1540976776 title "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1999" @default.
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