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• W1541566757 abstract "The role of mainstream media in women’s views of female beauty and body image has been well documented. However, few published studies have observed ethnic differences in physiological stress reactivity that may occur from pressures to comply with a particular image of beauty. This study examined whether the exposure to the mainstream ideal body image would negatively affect Latina women’s physiological and psychological functioning, and how their responses differed in comparison to their White counterparts. Participants included college-aged female students from Pitzer College who self-identified as Latina or Caucasian. Participants completed questionnaires assessing, body esteem (MSBRQ-AS; SATAQ; CDFRS), ethnic identity (SEE), state anxiety (STAI-State) and affect (PANAS) prior to and following exposure to Victoria’s Secret or Chrysler automobile commercials. Physiological stress reactivity was assessed through changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as salivary cortisol. 3-way ANOVA tests indicated a significant 2-way interaction between condition and time on participants’ levels of diastolic blood pressure, F(1, 27) = 4.266, MSe = 29.803, p =.049, η2 =.136, as well as ratings of appearance evaluation, F(1,36) = 5.733, MSe = 3.692, p =.022, η2 =.137, and body satisfaction F(1,36) = 4.27, MSe = 4.747, p = .046, η2 =.106. Women who viewed the Victoria’s Secret commercials demonstrated increased levels of diastolic blood pressure and reported lower ratings of body esteem in comparison to women who viewed the Chevy Sonic commercials. Potential trends in anxiety reactivity and the internalization of mainstream female beauty in Latina women following exposure to the stimuli are further discussed. EFFECT OF MAINSTREAM MEDIA 3 The Effect of Mainstream Media on Body Image and Stress Reactivity in Latina Females In Western media, the ideal female physique is depicted as significantly below what is considered to be a healthy body weight (National Eating Disorder Association, 2002). Research has shown that viewing these representations may lead to body image disturbance and anxiety, both of which are risk factors for eating disorders (Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002). Analyzing the depictions of beauty presented in US media, Rodin and colleagues (1985) found that the norm highlighted in American advertisements conveys a message in which female beauty is associated with social rewards, such as professional status. This may cause women to internalize an unrealistic ideal as a standard to meet or exceed (Bordo, 1993). It has been demonstrated that fashion models are significantly thinner than 98% of American women (Smolak, 1996). For instance, while the average American woman stands 5 ft. 4 in. tall and weighs 140 lbs., the average fashion model stands 5 ft. 11 in. tall and weighs 117 lbs. (National Eating Disorder Association, 2002). It is likely that these gross differences in body weight and shape between average females and fashion models have negatively affected women’s self image and psychological functioning. Several studies have found that following exposure to mainstream media, women reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction and increased internalization of a thin ideal body shape (Groesz, Levine, and Murnen, 2002; Hofschire & Greenberg, 2002). In studies examining the effects of these images on ethnically diverse women’s self-concept and psychological well-being (Dounchis, Hayden, & Wilfley, 2001; Gordon, Castro, Sitnikov, & Holm-Denoma, 2010; Rubin, Fitts, & Becker, 2003), it has been shown that, similar to Caucasian females, African American and Latina women also consider the dominant beauty EFFECT OF MAINSTREAM MEDIA 4 ideal to be women who are tall and extremely thin with European features (Goodman, 2002; Parker, Nichter, Vuckovic, Sims, & Ritenbaugh, 1995). Despite similarities in describing the dominant ideal body image, some studies have reported differences in the ways in which various ethnic groups respond to mainstream media’s portrayal of female beauty. For instance, one study revealed that in comparison to Caucasian women, Latina women were more accepting of heavier female body types (Paeratakul, White, Williamson, Ryan, & Bray, 2002). Reasoning for this variation has been associated with cultural differences in perceptions of beauty and body image. In contrast with Euro-American cultures, Latin cultures present their own norms and perceptions relating to female beauty and body shape (Warren, Gleaves, Cepeda-Benito, Fernandez, & Rodriguez-Ruiz, 2005). For example, in observing ethnic differences in ideologies related to body image, Rubin and associates (2003) found that Latina and Black women were more likely than Caucasian women to describe the ideal body in terms of style, health, and spirituality, rather than in terms of shape or size. Research suggests that Latina women who are more connected to their culture of origin may not internalize the imagery depicted in mainstream media, viewing ideal female physique in US media with disinterest or ambivalence (Warren et al., 2005). However, some studies have found that Latina women were just as likely to be negatively affected by media depictions as White women, expressing greater concerns about weight gain, lower selfesteem, and body shame (Seo & Torabi, 2006; Viladrich, Bruning, & Weiss, 2009). In relation to body image perceptions, researchers have considered the possibility that acculturation to U.S values might lead to negative body image perceptions in Latina women (Gowen, Hayward, Killen, Robinson, & Taylor, 1999; Pepper & Ruiz, 2007). Acculturation is characterized as a process of attitudinal change that may occur in individuals who either EFFECT OF MAINSTREAM MEDIA 5 reside in multicultural societies or who come into contact with a new culture (Marin, 1992). Thus, one explanation for the discrepancies in the research could be the failure to account for the degree of acculturation as a moderating variable. This study addressed this by examining whether Latina women who report more acculturation toward mainstream US society demonstrated more psychological distress in response to viewing media images of the ideal female body. To date, no published study has examined women’s physiological stress responses to viewing media images of the ideal female body. Thus, it is unclear whether chronic exposure to these images has detrimental physiological effects on women. In a study examining the relationship between dieting and cortisol output in women, Putterman and Linden (2006) discovered that women who placed greater importance on appearance and reported negative perceptions regarding their own body image, also demonstrated higher levels of cortisol in the afternoon than women who did not share similar perspectives. The relationship between blood pressure and body image issues has also been explored, with results indicating that women who reported negative attitudes toward personal body image and eating also demonstrated higher levels of diastolic ambulatory blood pressure than women who reported neutral or positive attitudes (Bedford, Linden, & Barr, 2011). These findings suggest that low body-esteem might be associated with heightened physiological arousal in response to media images of the ideal body. However, no published research has investigated differences in the relationships between body image attitudes and physiological stress. As demonstrated by the previously cited research, Latina women are faced with the task of negotiating between paradoxical cultural domains in which conflicting views of female beauty are valued. Though several studies have analyzed acculturation and body image in Latina women, no published studies have examined whether the pressures to EFFECT OF MAINSTREAM MEDIA 6 comply with opposing cultural attitudes towards body image results in increased stress responses in these women compared to their Caucasian counterparts. This study addressed this gap in the literature by investigating the effect of mainstream media’s depiction of body image on stress reactivity in Latina women. Specifically, this study examined salivary cortisol and cardiovascular reactivity to exposure to the mainstream ideal body image in Latina and Caucasian college students. Based upon past research, it was hypothesized that women who were exposed to Victoria’s Secret advertisements (experimental condition), would report lower levels of body esteem, higher levels of state anxiety, and lastly, higher levels of cortisol and cardiovascular reactivity than women who were exposed to a control condition depicting Chevy Sonic automobile advertisements. In addition, it was predicted that acculturation would moderate psychological and physiological responses in Latina women, such that Latina women who reported more acculturation would have greater stress reactivity to the Victoria’s Secret commercial than those who reported low acculturation. Method Participants Participants enrolled in introductory psychology courses at Pitzer College were invited to complete a pre-screening questionnaire on SurveyMonkey.com to determine eligibility for the study. Individuals who were eligible for the study indicated on the prescreening questionnaire that they were female, at least 18 years of age, and identified as either Latina/Hispanic or White/Caucasian. Twenty-four Caucasian and seventeen Latina female undergraduate students (Mage= 22 years, age range: 18-40 years old) from Pitzer College were recruited for this study. Participants received either research credit or $10 in compensation for their participation. EFFECT OF MAINSTREAM MEDIA 7" @default.
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• W1541566757 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W1541566757 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1541566757 title "The Effect of Mainstream Media on Body Image and Stress Reactivity in Latina Females" @default.
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