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• W1542666705 abstract "In their endeavours, missionaries sought to change Tswana notions of men's and women's work and roles, by offering gender-specific forms of education. In the initial years of the missionary era, informal domestic training of women played a much more crucial role in the missionaries' civilizing agenda than formal (domestic) education. Due to its informal nature, village-based domestic training was much more ideologically far-reaching, because it was accessible to larger numbers of village women than formal schooling. By the end of the 19th century however, important inroads had been made in integrating women into formal schooling, albeit confining their education to the domestic arena. Informal Training of Women as an Aspect of the Missionary Civilizing Agenda The informal training of Batswana women in housework was intended to perform the same role that housework did in the missionaries' own households. The sewing classes at Kuruman were commenced as far back as 1831 by Mrs Moffat and two other missionaries' wives, Mrs Edwards and Mrs Baillie1. In her work amongst Batswana women, Bessie Price often reminisced about, and was guided by the words of her mother, Mary Moffat that: down down (sic) gradually into style of and from losing heart and spirits in that great work in which we but act as organ-blowers to the musicians2. Thus, the Tswana household was to be moulded in the image of the western (Christian) household, with the woman acting as its moral pivot. The native style of living referred to above was influenced as much by moral considerations as by racial ones. The missionary husband and wife team was particularly instrumental in the transformations of the various Tswana communities, as female missionaries did not appear on the scene until the last decades of the 19th century. Informal training of women was concerned with the provision of Christian partners for Batswana men, so that they could provide an atmosphere that was considered to be commensurate with both Christian and civilised principles and practices. An important aspect of western housework training of Batswana women was the fact that missionaries intended through it, to uplift Batswana women from what was perceived as a life of toil and drudgery3. Thus, it was not only the recognition of the role of Tswana women in the new order, but also the missionaries' perceptions of their pre-colonial role that influenced the nature and direction of western education of Tswana women. The author is a lecturer in the Department of Languages and Social Sciences Education of the University of Botswana. She holds a PhD in African History from Northwestern University, and trains secondary school history teachers, with research interests in history, education, and gender issues in education." @default.
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• W1542666705 date "1994-01-01" @default.
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• W1542666705 title "Domesticity: The Basis for Missionary Education of Batswana Women to the End of the 19th Century" @default.
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