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• W1542668577 endingPage "847" @default.
• W1542668577 startingPage "813" @default.
• W1542668577 abstract "The liver has been shown to be the major site for conversion of various steroids. The steroids in turn have biologic effects on the liver. This review summarizes the influence that estrogens and progestins have on the function of the liver in humans and in experimental animals. The effects of pregnancy are reviewed because of the high concentrations of these steroids during pregnancy. Also data on alterations in the constituents of circulating plasma that may have been caused by steroids are included. A few women in the late stages of pregnancy or who are receiving natural or synthetic estrogens develop symptoms of hepatic dysfunction. In these patients histologic alterations have been found similar to some drug toxicity. Numerous experimental results in rats and mice are reviewed. In humans a total serum protein concentration particularly serum albumin decreases during pregnancy and persists for some months after delivery. As serum protein is synthesized in the liver this implies some loss of liver function. The serum concentration of copper and copper-binding protein increases during normal human pregnancy to about twice normal values. Also that of the fetal liver is increased. This increase in copper compounds is further increased by administration of oral contraceptive pills containing estrogen or estrogen-progestin. Plasma levels of fibrinogen are also increased by pregnancy. Oral contraceptive steroids further increase this and other coagulation factors. Iron metabolism is also modified. Endocrine changes resulting from pregnancy or the administration of natural or synthetic estrogens cause an increase in plasma concentration of those serum proteins involved in hormone binding and transport. Enzymes of liver org circulating in the blood are modified by pregnancy or steroid administration. Alkaline phosphatase in serum is increased by pregnancy. This has been interpreted as an indication of liver damage. The nonparenclymatous cells of the liver known as Kupffer cells take up particulate matter such as bacteria and cell debris. (Estrogen markedly stimulates this activity. Ovariectomy reduces it in mice. In women this activity varies with the menstrual cycle or pregnancy and with different estrogens. Studies of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy or administration of sex steroids have mostly dealt with glycogen. A lessened tolerance of glucose has been noted during pregnancy. Lipoid metabolism with production of lipo-proteins and cholesterol has been shown to be modified by pregnancy or steroids but the significance is not clear. Modification of liver function in other complex metabolic processes in animals and humans is discussed. From these findings modification of current practices does not seem to be indicated. The relevance to humans of phenomena observed in rats is not clear but the importance of the liver functions is evident." @default.
• W1542668577 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1542668577 creator A5013443285 @default.
• W1542668577 creator A5022117210 @default.
• W1542668577 creator A5022884124 @default.
• W1542668577 creator A5041707884 @default.
• W1542668577 date "1969-11-01" @default.
• W1542668577 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W1542668577 title "Hormones and the liver" @default.
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