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• W1543104042 abstract "Gene expression is a common process in all forms of living cells including eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses to generate the macromolecular requirements for life. The study of gene expression provides a systemic comprehension of the cell function for addressing specific biological questions. This process comprises replication, transcription, RNA splicing, translation and post translational modification of a single protein. At first, DNA serves as a template to replicate itself and the production of RNA (transcription), a copy from the DNA, is mediated by RNA polymerase. In prokaryotes, transcription creates messenger RNA (mRNA) which doesn’t need any additional processing for translation but this stage in eukaryotes produces a primary transcript of RNA, which needs further processing prior to becoming a mature mRNA. This step is referred to as RNA splicing that in the proper context, involves the removal of certain sequences called intervening sequences, or introns. Hence, the final mRNA contains the remaining sequences, called exons, which are spliced together (Knapp et al., 1978). In the next stage, so called translation, mRNA separates from DNA strand and serves as a template for protein production that such a process is assisted by ribosomes. Proteins are modified after translation in variety of processes i.e. they are altered at structural level to achieve the final 3D conformation. These modifications are essential for all aspects of biology and can be performed spontaneously or driven by enzyme mediation. Common post-translational modifications include phosphorylation, glycosilation, dimerization or tetramerizaion, etc. (Doyle & Mamula, 2001). Therefore, the transfer of genetic information, from DNA to RNA and to proteins, ending up with the expression of genes in all cells makes up the central dogma of molecular biology (Figure 1) (Crick, 1970). Genomics information is delivered to the cells in three biochemical datasets including the complete set of mRNA species that result in generating proteins (transcriptomics), the complete collection of proteins (proteomics), and the complete series of metabolites produced in the cell (metabolomics) (Figure 2)(Karakach et al., 2010; van der Werf et al., 2005). Transcriptomics provides a complete profile of RNAs that appear within the cells, tissues and biological fluids at a specific time. The mRNA levels do vary over time, among diverse cell types and within cells under different conditions while DNA is more or less unchanged over the life cycles. Thus, gene expression based on mRNA mediates cellular function and specifies genes that are turned on or off in different status of cells. As transcriptome" @default.
• W1543104042 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1543104042 date "2011-11-02" @default.
• W1543104042 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W1543104042 title "Quantification of Gene Expression Based on Microarray Experiment" @default.
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• W1543104042 doi "https://doi.org/10.5772/18439" @default.
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