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• W1544795654 abstract "Is categorical perception really verbally mediated perception? Andrew T. Hendrickson, George Kachergis ({athendri, gkacherg}@indiana.edu) Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA Todd M. Gureckis (todd.gureckis@nyu.edu) Department of Psychology, 6 Washington Place New York, NY 10003 USA Robert L. Goldstone (rgoldsto@indiana.edu) Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA Abstract Recent research has argued that categorization is strongly tied to language processing. For example, language (in the form of verbal category labels) has been shown to influence perceptual discriminations of color (Winawer et al., 2007). However, does this imply that categorical perception is essentially verbally mediated perception? The present study extends recent findings in our lab showing that categorical perception can occur even in the absence of overt labels. In particular, we evaluate the degree to which certain interference tasks (verbal, spatial) reduce the effect of learned categorical perception for complex visual stimuli (faces). Contrary to previous findings, our results show that a verbal interference task does not disrupt learned categorical perception effects for faces. Our results are interpreted in light of the ongoing debate about the role of language in categorization. In particular, we suggest that at least a sub-set of categorical perception effects may be effectively “language-free”. Keywords: Perceptual Learning, Categorization, Concept Learning, Language. Introduction It is now well-known that the categories we know often influence the things that we perceive. For example, the phoneme categories in the native language of a listener dramatically influence their ability to perceive physical differences between two speech sounds. In particular, differences that span phonemic category boundaries are much more accurately discriminated than differences that fall within the same phonemic category (Liberman, Harris, Hoffman, & Griffith, 1957). This effect, known as Categorical Perception (CP), has been shown for many types of perceptual stimuli, and is known to be influenced by both innate and learned factors (e.g., Harnad, 1987; Goldstone, 1994; see Goldstone & Hendrickson, 2009 for a review). Given the fact that CP effects are so ubiquitous, it is perhaps surprising that so little is known about how they arise. Theoretical analyses suggest that the very act of associating category labels with items can warp the representations of those items in the service of categorization. For example, Harnad, Hanson, & Lubin (1995) showed through neural network simulations that adding such a label, even without changing the representation space, changed the similarity of item representations in that space in a way consistent with CP effects. However, such simulations simply show how CP might arise without explaining the exact psychological factors that may contribute to it in humans. On the other hand, recent work by Winawer et al. (2007) has argued that the change in representation that produces such a CP effect may be due to the inclusion of a “language- specific” component to the representation of an item in memory. In their study, Winawer and colleagues found that Russian speakers, who have unique words in their language for ‘light blue’ and ‘dark blue,’ show a standard CP effect: a higher accuracy for perceptual discriminations of blues that span the light-dark category boundary relative to blues within one category. English speakers, who only use one basic word for blue, did not show a similar CP effect for the same stimuli. Interestingly, the CP between-category advantage was eliminated for the Russian speakers when they were given a verbal interference task (repeating a string of digits) while performing the perceptual discriminations, though the CP effect was preserved if the interference task involved a spatial task (remembering a pattern) instead of a verbal task. From this, Winawer, et al. argue that linguistic processing not only influences the category learning processes, but has an online influence during perceptual discrimination as well (see also Lupyan, 2008). Somewhat consistent with this viewpoint, learned CP effects are most often found in supervised learning tasks, where feedback about an item’s correct category label drives learning to reduce classification error of category labels (Harnad, 1987; Goldstone & Hendrickson, 2009). However, Gureckis and Goldstone (2008) presented an interesting finding which would appear to challenge this view. In their study, a set of morph faces was created with varied along two arbitrary dimensions (Figure 1). Four “clusters” of items were created in the space by withholding a subset of the items from the training phase (the grey stimuli in Figure 1). Two of the clusters were assigned to category “A” and the other two clusters were assigned to category “B” by applying either a vertical or horizontal category boundary. Both before and after category learning participant’s ability to make pair-wise discriminations" @default.
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