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• W1545508013 abstract "The Grand Conglomerat Fm is a glaciogenic unit within the Katanga Supergroup of the Pan-AfricanLufilian orogen in Central Africa. The succession begins with transgressive Roan Gp restingunconformably upon pre-Katangan basement in the first intracratonic rift related to the extension of theRodinia Supercontinent. Renewed rifting and rift propagation northwards resulted in marine Nguba Gpdeposition. Both units contain extension-related igneous rocks. Orogenic closure is marked by two majorcontractional events, northward propagation of Katangan nappes and formation of two foreland basinsfilled with sediments of the Kundelungu and Fungurume Gps deformed in the external fold-thrust region,beyond which the continental molasse of the Plateau Gp extends to the N. Two glaciogenic units arerecognized within the Katangan. An older Grand Conglomerat within the Nguba Gp correlated with theglobal Sturtian glaciation ( 735 Ma in age) and a younger Petit Conglomerat, at the base of theKundelungu Gp., correlated with the global Marinoan/Varangian glaciation (ca. 620–600 Ma). Thethickness of the glaciogenic strata reaches 950 m. Each of these glaciogenic units is succeeded by capcarbonates.The sedimentary environments of the Grand Conglomerat vary from marine to continental, andthe facies associations are partly controlled by tectonics and rift asymmetry. Adjacent to the stronglyuplifted southern margin of the rift, a proglacial fan delta facies dominated by gravelly debris flows gradedistally to glacial melt-out (dropstones deposited simultaneously with muddy-silty suspension), debrisflows, turbidites and deposits of traction currents. By contrast, continental glaciofluvial sediments at theN rift margin pass basinward to a graded shelf association of massive marine tillites interbedded withpebbly arkoses.The correlatable regional unconformities at the base of the glaciomarine strata at both N and Smargins of the basin reflect eustatic sea-level changes, whereas relative block movements in the evolvingrift controlled local unconformities. The most prominent is a syn-Grand Conglomerat horst of the pre-Katangan basement rocks below an unconformity at the base of a condensed glacial laminite (only 0.5 mthick). These stratigraphic relations date the Kafue Anticline, a prominent basement high around whichthe Copperbelt of Zambia is located, as a feature that originated after deposition of the Roan Gp andshortly before the Grand Conglomerat glaciation.The palaeomagnetic results (Wingate et al., 2004 and Collins and Pisarevsky, 2005), whichindicate that the NW Zambia/S Congo region was located at the Equator between about 800 and 750Ma,are consistent with the ‘Snowball Earth’ hypothesis. However, the interlayering of glacial and non-glacialsediments is similar to Phanerozoic glaciogenic sequences and the presence of continental glacialsediments and floating glacier-derived fall-out facies in the Grand Conglomerat would militate againstthe ‘extreme frigidity’ of a ‘Snowball Earth’ (Fairchild and Kennedy, 2007). Thus, the following featuresindicate that the Grand Conglomerat sediments were deposited during a complex multistage event (withglacial and inter-glacial stages): syn-glacial, fan delta successions; gravity flow deposits and deglaciationrelatedfall-out facies alternating with massive dropstone-devoid mudstones of glacial maxima;deglaciation stages marked by vertical successions of separate marine tillites, in more proximal settingsseparated by interglacial marine sandstone complexes. These features imply prolonged glaciation withinterglacial periods and gradual deglaciation associated with redeposition of interglacial and post-glacialdebris accumulated in the source areas, into the adjacent marine depository. The observed sedimentaryfacies indicate a lack of permanent sea ice cover at certain periods during deposition of the GrandConglomerat sediments and suggest that this glaciation did not undergo rapid change to a greenhouseenvironment, contrary to the requirements of the Snowball Earth model" @default.
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• W1545508013 date "2011-01-06" @default.
• W1545508013 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W1545508013 title "Sedimentation of the grand conglomerat (Neoproterozoic) and implications for rifting and the snowball Earth model in central Africa" @default.
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