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• W1545843062 abstract "Abstract Neutron activation analysis in its purely instrumental form (INAA) is conceptually an extremely simple method of analysis, involving only two completely separate processes, excitation and measurement. The excitation of the sample by exposure to neutrons, as well as the subsequent measurement of the induced activity by a suitable detector, are both based on well-known physical laws, and the content of an element in a sample may be directly compared with an accurately known quantity of the same element. Unlike other methods of analysis, excitation and measurement are separated in time, so that a radiochemical separation (RNAA) can be carried out between the exposure to neutrons and the measurement of activity. In this way the activity of the determinand element can be isolated from a dominant or interfering activity from other elements, and RNAA therefore yields results with improved precision and accuracy. In addition, unlike conventional chemical separations a radiochemical separation does not give rise to any blank value from added reagents, simply because a content of the determinand element does not contribute to the activity measured. This makes possible the intentional addition after irradiation of a known amount of carrier of the determi-nand element, just prior to the radiochemical separation. Such carrier addition not only reduces the risk of losing the determinand element by adsorption or other similar processes during the separation, but makes it possible to determine the actual recovery of added carrier after the final measurement of activity has been made. Such a determination of the chemical yield is used to correct the analytical result for losses associated with the separation; in a comprehensive radiochemical neutron activation analysis [1] the chemical yield is determined for each individual sample analyzed. When a pure element or a well-defined stoichiometric compound is used as a comparator standard, neutron activation analysis is directly traceable to the fundamental units of the Si-system. The absence of a reagent blank and the accurate correction for losses of determinand eliminate significant systematic errors; if all other sources of variability can be brought in statistical control, NAA qualifies as a Definitive Method [1]. The characteristic properties of neutron activation analysis make it one of the most important methods for the certification of trace element concentrations in environmental reference materials. When each step of the analysis is carried out with meticulous care and insight, complete statistical control can be achieved in such certification analyses. Lack of agreement between observed and expected variability among NAA results from different laboratories has also been observed in BCR certification projects; thus, even selected laboratories may fail to identify all significant sources of variability. By systematic validation of the analytical techniques in each laboratory it is possible to eliminate bias and account for all significant sources of variability [2]. Such valida-tion may be carried out using quality assurance methods based on the Analysis of Preci-sion [3]; a validated method in statistical control yields unbiased results with an accurately known uncertainty." @default.
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• W1545843062 date "1995-01-01" @default.
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• W1545843062 title "5. Validation of neutron activation analysis techniques" @default.
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• W1545843062 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9244(06)80006-5" @default.
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