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- W1547648210 endingPage "169" @default.
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- W1547648210 abstract "The mechanisms and outcome of cerebral ischemic injury are influenced strongly by biological sex and the availability of female and male sex steroids to the brain. This chapter evaluates the data suggesting that biological sex determines clinical and experimental stroke outcomes, reviews special considerations for women with stroke, summarizes the controversy behind estrogen's antiischemic and neuroprotective properties, andintroduces the novel idea that androgens contribute to ischemic sensitivity in the male brain. The epidemiology of ischemic stroke is sexually dimorphic in that ischemic events occur with greater frequency in men than in women regardless of country of origin and ethnic culture. The potential for sex-specific responses to treatments or the possibility that endogenous or exogenous sex steroids may interact with treatments is observed. The pleiotropic estrogens are linked to the early protection from stroke in women. The mechanism attenuating the beneficial effects of estrogen is loss of arterial estrogen receptors. Loss of the estrogen receptors occurs with aging and is more prominent in atherosclerotic vessels. Male sex is an acknowledged risk factor for human stroke. Testosterone acts as a type of prohormone with two distinct conversion pathways. In all androgen-sensitive tissues, the steroid is converted intracellularly to either the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone or to E2. It is hypothesized that androgens enhance ischemic damage and may play a role in male stroke." @default.
- W1547648210 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1547648210 creator A5005438739 @default.
- W1547648210 creator A5015699563 @default.
- W1547648210 creator A5035455397 @default.
- W1547648210 date "2008-01-01" @default.
- W1547648210 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W1547648210 title "Chapter 8 Effects of gender and sex steroids on ischemic injury" @default.
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