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• W1549954 abstract "INTRODUCTION Is Pandarus queer? From the outset of this essay, I freely admit that I have no absolutely conclusive evidence to support an argument that he is queer, if by one means homosexual. (1) In this essay, I uncover no smoking gun to convince the critic resistant to my assertion that Pandarus may be read as queer, but, nonetheless, I find sufficient moments of ambiguity in the text which allow me to feel comfortable with such a conclusion. Certainly, the friendship between Pandarus and Troilus is overtly homosocial; scholarship has yet to address, however, whether their relationship can be read as subtextually queer as well. I explore this issue here, although my objective is not to prove that Pandarus loves Troilus in a sexual manner. I will argue neither that the text presents them as nor that their homosocial relationship must be read as homo-erotic. Rather, my goal is to demonstrate that the text refuses to disallow a queer reading of their friendship. In this project, I follow Allen Frantzen's lead in foregoing a move to establish sexual identities for medieval people in preference of describing love' and `same-sex relations' that range from sexual intercourse to expression of non-sexual (1). (2) Obviously, Pandarus and Troilus do not have sex, yet a great deal of male affection characterizes their intense friendship. Criticism has been remarkably silent on the sexual undertones of their friendship since Beryl Rowland's suggestion in 1969 that Pandarus represents a bisexual pimp, (3) and I would like to re-examine character from the vantage point gained from the last thirty years of feminist and queer scholarship. The question of whom or what Pandarus desires provides the basis of this investigation. Troilus and Criseyde does not explicitly present Pandarus and Troilus as lovers, but desire--both homosocial and queer--remains firmly in the background of their relationship. As Carolyn Dinshaw notes, Pandarus's activity ... provides its own erotic satisfactions. It keeps him physically active, breathless, and sweaty: he leaps, he perspires, he moves back and forth between the two lovers (Shoaf 65). A queer reading of Pandarus and Troilus's friendship offers explanatory force for erotic energy and the ways in which it directs the action of Chaucer's plot: his activities in some manner address his own desires, as well as Troilus's. To unravel the queer complexities of desires, I first address the question of heteronormative analysis and undermine a reading of Pandarus through the destabilizing force of medieval conceptions of gender and sexuality. Following this attempt to defamiliarize Pandarus as a straight male to the reader, I probe the multiple layers of speeches and silences which make possible a queer reading of the character. Reading both what Pandarus says and what he doesn't say, we see that Pandarus both speaks and keeps silent about his desires; despite these frequent allusions to his desires, they nevertheless remain occluded from full view. Feminist scholarship has taught readers to pay close attention to the ways in which textual silences paradoxically speak, and silences at key moments in the text compel the reader to participate in the construction of his character. Following this analysis, I briefly examine the queerness of gaze in which he brings a level of sexual satisfaction to himself through the staging of scenes designed for his pleasure. In conclusion, I analyze what Pandarus gains through his pandering of Troilus and what Chaucer gains by having the pander proceed so queerly. Ultimately, queer friendship, like Criseyde's love and all other earthly things, fails Troilus; this failure, however, provides the impetus for Troilus's apotheosis and subsequent realization of the utter futility of all earthly endeavors. THE RICARDIAN AFFINITY AND HETERONORMATIVE ASSUMPTIONS Male-to-male relationships were a matter of concern in the 1380s, given the latent homosocial and homo-erotic problems associated with Richard's affinity (his concentric circles of male friends and advisors). …" @default.
• W1549954 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1549954 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W1549954 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1549954 title "Queer Pandarus? Silence and Sexual Ambiguity in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde" @default.
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