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• W1551198730 abstract "At about the same time as releases were to occur, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service discovered that the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus Phillips) was nesting in saltcedar in some locations. The program was delayed for Section 7 Consultation under the Endangered Species Act, despite evidence that reproductive output by birds nesting in saltcedar was much lower than by those nesting in native vegetation and systems dominated by saltcedar no longer supported flycatcher nesting (Dudley and DeLoach 2004). Research continued with the release of Diorhabda in 1999, but only within secure cages and avoiding Arizona and New Mexico where the willow flycatcher was using saltcedar (and where the mealybug was intended for release in warm desert sites). The cage trials in six other states showed that the leaf beetle would survive in most, but with life cycles attenuated from what was observed in their original Asian range. Following cage trials and implementation of a monitoring program to track ecosystem responses to saltcedar biocontrol, open releases of Diorhabda were conducted at eight of these sites in 2001 (Dudley et al. 2001). Initial results were not promising, but in late summer 2002 heavy defoliation of plants was observed at our northern Nevada site on the lower Humboldt River. By scraping foliar tissue the leaf beetles cause tissue water loss and subsequent near-complete defoliation of target plants. Approximately 2 ha. were affected around the release point in 2002, with population expansion in 2003 to defoliate about 200 ha. area, and then roughly 20,000 ha. in 2004. However, plants produced new foliage after 3 6 weeks but with roughly 40% less foliar cover. Multiple defoliation events can occur within a single year because beetles exhibited two generations in 2003, and three generations with an earlier spring leaf flush in 2004. The invasion of saltcedar (a.k.a. tamarisk; Tamarix spp.) in riparian areas of western North America has caused serious economic and environmental problems based on its high rate of water use, exacerbation of flooding and wildfire risks, and displacement of native riparian vegetation and associated wildlife (Dudley et al. 2000, Shafroth et al. 2005). Several species are involved in this invasion, but most infestations consist of a T. ramosissima Ledeb. x T. chinensis Lour. hybrid (Gaskin and Schaal 2002). This deciduous shrub/small tree expanded its range greatly during the early 1900s following regulation of rivers in the West, although infestations also occur in relatively undegraded ecosystems that are not regularly flooded. Tamarisk now infests between 0.5 to 0.8 million acres of primarily historic cottonwood-willow riparian woodlands, and its invasion continues across the range with annual economic losses estimated at between $127 and $291 million (Zavaleta 2000). Because traditional mechanical and chemical control methods are expensive and risk collateral damage to sensitive ecosystems, a biological control program was developed by Dr. C. Jack DeLoach (USDA-ARS Texas)(DeLoach et al. 2004). In 1996 two specialist insects were approved by APHIS for release: the saltcedar leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Diorhabda elongata Brulle) from central Asia and a mealy bug (Pseudococcidae: Trabutina mannipara Hemprich and Ehrenberg) from the eastern Mediterranean region; a foliage feeding weevil (Coniatus tamarisci F.) was later approved and numerous other agents been tested. Our primary focus was on Diorhabda, which oviposits on the foliage, feeds selectively on tamarisk in the larval and adult stages, and pupation and adult over-wintering take place in the litter beneath tamarisk plants." @default.
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• W1551198730 date "2005-01-01" @default.
• W1551198730 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1551198730 title "Progress and Pitfalls in the Biological Control of Saltcedar (Tamarix Spp.) in North America" @default.
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