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• W1551609987 abstract "Brennan's (1991) discussion of possible causes for the decline of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) caused us to question his unconditional rejection of fire ant involvement. Brennan (1991:546) stated that fire ant impact on quail is myth ... and must be eliminated through education. As support for his position that fire ants do not impact quail, he cited Simpson (1976) and Johnson (1961). Furthermore, he stated that excellent work by Johnson established that fire ants have no influence on quail production (Brennan 1991:546). We suggest that there is a lack of experimental evidence concerning fire ant impacts on wildlife, including quail. Additionally, because of significant changes in the biology of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) (RIFA), northern bobwhites and other wildlife face different conditions today than were present during earlier research. We do not believe that the impact of RIFA's on bobwhite can be adequately assessed with mensurative studies such as Johnson (1961), conducted on a single study area without controls or replication. The use of quail indices from a 104-ha tract that contained highly variable fire ant densities (2-250 mounds/ha) (Johnson 1961) also is inadequate for assessing the long-term impact of fire ants on quail. Johnson (1961) did not report methods used for long-term complete census of bobwhites, making it impossible to evaluate the precision of density estimates. Evaluation of drive-counts and dog-assisted counts have indicated that they are not complete counts (Kellogg et al. 1982, Janvrin et al. 1991). We believe experiments to determine the impact of the RIFA on vertebrates should be manipulative and conducted with temporal and spatial replication (Hurlburt 1984). Today 2 species of imported fire ants are recognized, the black (S. richteri) and the red (Buren 1972). The imported fire ants present in Johnson's study were the black imported fire ant, now with a restricted range (Vinson and Sorensen 1986) and largely displaced by the RIFA's. Additionally, numerous native ants and other invertebrate species were impacted negatively by the RIFA (Porter et al. 1988, Porter and Savignano 1990, Vinson 1990). In 1960 and 1961, when Johnson conducted his research, polygynous (multiple queen) RIFA's probably did not exist (Glancey et al. 1973). Today the polygynous form exists in every state inhabited by RIFA's, and they continue to expand their range. In Texas >50% of all RIFA infestations consist of the polygynous form (Porter et al. 1991). Polygynous ants are characterized by mounds with multiple fertile queens, a loss of territoriality, and a corresponding high density-usually >200 mounds/ha, and up to 1,400 mounds/ha (Maxwell et al. 1982). We estimated that fire ant densities in Johnson's (1961) study averaged 51" @default.
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• W1551609987 title "What about fire ants and northern bobwhites." @default.
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