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- W1552802011 abstract "Families play an essential role in supporting people with long-term mental illness in the community. In the UK, over 60% of those with a first episode of a major mental illness return to live with relatives, and this would seem to reduce only by 10-20% when those with subsequent admissions are included (1). However, the carer role is often not an easy one and may be associated with considerable personal costs. In schizophrenia, estimates from different studies suggest that up to two thirds of family members experience significant stress and subjective burden as a consequence of their caregiver role (2). Not only is such stress likely to affect the well being of the relatives and compromise their long-term ability to support the patient, but it may also have an impact on the course of the illness itself and on outcomes for the client. Hence, one of the most important advances in the treatment of schizophrenia in the last twenty years has been the development of family based intervention programmes.As detailed in Ian Falloon's paper, there is now robust evidence for the efficacy of this form of treatment, with many randomised controlled trials having demonstrated the superiority of family intervention over routine care in terms of patient relapse, hospitalisation and other outcomes. However, the dissemination of the interventions has not been without problems. From recent meta-analytic reviews, it is now clear that the short education or counselling programmes offered as family interventions are insufficient to have an impact on patient outcomes and do not affect relapse rates: A few les- sons on schizophrenia... was simply not sufficient to substantially influence the relapse rate (3). For the future, the quality of interventions needs to be enhanced and monitored to ensure that families are offered the intensity of help likely to give them substantial benefits. Successful family interventions require considerable investment in time, skill and commitment. Since for many patients the effect is to delay rather than to prevent relapse, many patients and families will need long-term and continuing intervention. Work with relatives of recently diagnosed schizophrenia patients indicates that this help needs to begin from the first onset of the psychosis (4).As Ian Falloon also notes, in recent years one of the biggest challenges has been to disseminate the benefits of family intervention in schizophrenia into routine service delivery. In the UK this has been largely through training programmes designed to provide clinicians, mainly community psychiatric nurses, with the knowledge and skills required to implement the family work (see 5 for a review of dissemination programmes). Despite the solid evidence base for the efficacy of family based psychological treatment programmes in schizophrenia, and the efforts of the training programmes, the implementation of family work in routine mental health services in the UK has been at best patchy. The consensus view in the literature is that family intervention implementation faces complex organisational and attitudinal difficulties (see, for example, 6), and insufficient attention has been paid to these in dissemination programmes. In discussing the factors which might make the transference from research to practice difficult, Mari and Streiner (7) suggested that the requirements of durable service oriented interventions may differ from those based on time limited research models.In an attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of family interventions in standard psychiatric settings which take account of these differences, a randomised controlled pragmatic trial was carried out (8). The family intervention was based on the formal assessment of carer needs, and the programme was carried out by a clinical psychologist in conjunction with the patient's key worker - thus training was in situ. The fact that the intervention was found to be effective in reducing carer needs and in reducing patient relapse at 12 months post treatment (9) suggests that there are advantages in developing dissemination models based within services. The need for changing the clinical practice of the whole service rather than training individuals is underlined in the work of Corrigan and colleagues (10-12). However, difficulties arise not only from staff but also from carer reluctance to engage in family work. Several studies of community samples (e.g., 8,13) have shown that carer participation in family intervention is relatively low, with only 50% or so of carers taking up the offer of either a support service or family intervention (8), with possibly higher rates when help is offered at a time of crisis.Looking to the future, dissemination and engagement issues need to continue to be addressed and the implementation of family programmes within services presents many challenges. Further work needs to be done to identify optimum techniques for changing family attitudes where problems are particularly complex, for example in schizophrenia and co-morbid substance misuse. To date only one recent trial has evaluated a family based component for this client group (14)." @default.
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- W1552802011 title "Issues in the dissemination of family intervention for psychosis." @default.
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