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- W1554476749 abstract "In the dramatic narrative of African-American history, the story of the post-Emancipation years begins in the rural South, where the rights won through postwar constitutional amendments gradually yield to the overwhelming forces of segregation and disfranchisement. During the First World War, the scene shifts to the metropolitan North, where many members of the rapidly growing southern-born migrant population develop a new, militant consciousness. Behind this primary narrative, however, lies another story. An earlier, smaller migration flow from South to North had already established the institutional and cultural foundations for the emergence of a national racial consciousness in postbellum America. Much of this crucial work took place in small and mid-size towns and cities. Some interpreters have seen the creation of a national racial consciousness as a natural and normal product of African heritage. This view, however, neglects the diverse origins and experiences of African Americans during the slavery years. Alternatively, writes historian Harold Forsythe, we should consider that a distinctive national community developed from local roots during emancipation. Local associations of freedpeople, organized in families, neighborhood groupings, churches, [and] benevolent and fraternal orders, slowly developed into regional, statewide, and ultimately national consociations. This process of unification involved not only consciousness, but [also] institutional and power connections. It matured between 1909 and about 1925.'n The process of community-building can be seen clearly in the three states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, which I call the Lower Midwest. On the eve of the Civil War, about 56,000 African Americans lived in the Lower Midwest. Thirty years later, after a flood of wartime migration from the South and a trickle of migrants over the following quarter century, that number had risen to 190,000. Another wave of" @default.
- W1554476749 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1554476749 date "2003-12-01" @default.
- W1554476749 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W1554476749 title "Building Networks: Cooperation and Communication Among African Americans in the Urban Midwest, 1860–1910" @default.
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