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• W1558805073 abstract "CORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE: A COMPARISON OF COOK’S AND OPUNOHU BAYS IN MOOREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA A LESSANDRA G. S HEA Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract. Coral health is an imperative aspect of coral reef ecosystems. Coral provides shelter, habitat, and nutrients for many organisms. Anthropogenic pollution that enters the oceans through runoff has negative effects on coral health such as inhibiting photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction. This study focuses on Cook’s and Opunohu Bays in Mo’orea, French Polynesia. Each of the bays were assessed for substrate, algae, and coral composition as well as for a specific coral disease called Porites Trematosiasis (por trem) which is found exclusively on Porites coral heads. A total of forty­eight 10x10m plots were used to gather this information. From the data that concluded that sites were significantly better indicators for coral health and substrate difference as well as por trem than the bays, a comparison to past studies was made about the coral health and its change in the last twenty years. The coral health in Mo’orea has deteriorated in the past twenty years from natural causes such as cyclones, bleaching events, and Acanthaster planci outbreaks, but anthropogenic causes seem to have made a negative difference as well. Key words: coral reef health; Porites; Porites trematodiasis; Mo’orea, Cook’s Bay; Opunohu Bay I NTRODUCTION Coral is the building block of a reef ecosystem. Because coral is a photosynthetic organism created by symbiosis of the coral polyp and zooxanthallae, it fulfills many functions for the ecosystem(). It provides structure and a substrate for algae, habitat to live in, and a food source for countless organisms (Szmant 2002). Coral is biodiverse and its health is imperative in order to ensure a biodiverse and thriving ecosystem( Selig, Casey, and Bruno 2010). Coral reefs are becoming increasingly threatened globally. Central to this breakdown is the diminishing health of coral. There are many abiotic and biotic factors that contribute to the health of coral including sewage, land runoff, sedimentation, temperature, overfishing, industrial and agricultural practices, and tourism (Adjeroud et. al 2005, Richmond 1993). With expanding industries and population, the pressure on reefs is increasing. The amount of sediment that comes from infrastructure and agriculture affects the coral by covering it so that there is reduced growth, reproduction, photosynthesis, and recruitment (Duane 2006, Tribollet et. al 2011). The agrochemicals and untreated sewage contribute to higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus which cause eutrophication (Duane 2006). The process of eutrophication enhances algal growth, which creates intraspecific competition for substrate and nutrients. Many species of algae also carry disease­causing pathogens that can be transferred to coral(). Emerging coral diseases are rapidly deteriorating coral reefs (Aeby et. al 2011). In the Porites spp. there are several diseases that associate with specific environmental factors, such as Porites growth anomalies, Porites trematodiasis, Pink­line disease, Porites ulcerative white spot disease, and Porites tissue loss syndrome (Aeby et. al 2011, Rayindran and Raghukumar 2006, Raymundo et. al 2003). Specifically, Porites trematodiasis is a disease that affects massive, bouldering Porites heads causing discoloration and pink nodes on the surface of the coral (Aeby et. al 2011). It is a disease that is caused by parasitic flatworm that depends upon three different hosts in its life cycle (Williams et. al 2010). It lives in a mollusk, coral, and reef fish (Williams et. al 2010). Therefore when infected organisms are present , it spreads easily and the denser an ecosystem is with these organisms, the more frequent the potential spread of the disease (Aeby et. al 2011). In Moorea, French Polynesia there are two prominent bays, Cook’s and Opunohu, which have extensive watersheds that flow into them. The two valleys have long histories of agricultural and pastoral practices that have developed in the past" @default.
• W1558805073 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1558805073 date "2011-12-12" @default.
• W1558805073 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1558805073 title "CORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE: A COMPARISON OF COOK’S AND ‘OPUNOHU BAYS IN MOOREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA" @default.
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