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- W1561255304 abstract "Characteristics and commercialization of transgenic crops Since 1996 the large-scale cultivation of commercial transgenic (genetically engineered) crops has grown continuously, with a total of 114 million hectares cultivated in 23 countries in 20071. Most crops are modified with one or both of two main agronomic input traits—herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. Crop tolerance to otherwise phytotoxic herbicides generally improves weed management, reduces the number and strength of herbicide applications, and allows topical application of herbicide to crop and weeds. Topical herbicide application can replace directed spraying between crop rows and mechanical weed removal, without damaging crops. Replacing mechanical treatment not only reduces fuel consumption but also helps conserve soil types vulnerable to erosion and compaction. Transgenic herbicide-tolerant crops also permit more flexibility in the timing of herbicide application. The new “post-emergence” herbicide treatments for herbicide-tolerant crops may actually replace both “preemergence” and “post-emergence” sprays with conventional herbicides. Herbicide tolerance is achieved through application of one or both of two strategies: the introduction and expression of a gene that codes for a target enzyme that is insensitive to the herbicide; and/or an enzyme that inactivates the herbicide of interest. Herbicide-tolerant soybeans are widely adopted in both North and South American countries, including the United States of America (USA), Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Other herbicide-tolerant crops include maize and cotton in the USA, and canola, which is particularly important in Canada. In most transgenic insect-resistant crops, resistance is achieved through the introduction of genes for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. These proteins, designated Cry (crystal) proteins, occur as crystal-like inclusions in Bt bacterial cells and are insecticidal to specific target insects that ingest them, but not against humans and animals. By introducing the genes for producing very low levels of these proteins in plant tissues, the plants have internal protection against target pests. This strategy has been employed for the control of corn ear worm and stem borers in maize. The larvae of these pests reduce plant performance and harvested product quality, and require careful timing of externallyapplied conventional pesticides. Another example, Bt cotton, has genes encoding Bt Cry proteins for prevention of yield and quality problems caused by the cotton bollworm. Herbicide tolerance and insect resistance can affect pesticide use in transgenic crops carrying these traits. Moreover, these changes in pesticide use may have implications for the environment, given that each pesticide has its own characteristics, with different environmental behavior and toxicity profiles. Thus, the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) instigated a five-year project from 2002 to 2007 to develop an inventory of pesticide use in transgenic crops in order to estimate changes in the environmental impacts of pest management. The outcome of this project is published in various media, including three scientific articles2-4 of which some details are highlighted below." @default.
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- W1561255304 date "2008-01-01" @default.
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- W1561255304 title "Trends in Pesticide Use on Transgenic versus Conventional Crops" @default.
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