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• W1562315938 abstract "Europe/European Union CIGDEM NAS and YONCA OZER, eds., Turkey and the European Union: Processes of Europeanisation, (London: Ashgate, 2012). Pp. 286. £65.00 cloth.Comprising twelve chapters that cover a large spectrum of the current situation in Turkey, this book attempts to consider the different issue areas and sites of Europeanization in Turkey, which is an ongoing process despite the slowing down of the accession negotiations. The first chapter by T. Borzel conceptualizes the variations in the transformative power of the EU in Central and Eastern European candidate Countries (CEEC), in Western Balkan candidate countries and in Turkey. The second and the third chapters by C. Nas and Y. Ozer, respectively, offer a broad perspective on Turkish identity and Europeanization through conditionality in Turkey. The remaining contributions focus on specific areas: constitutional transformation (B. Emrah Oder), minority rights (G. Yilmaz), Cyprus (A. Kaliber); on specific policy fields; social policy (D. Tsarouhas), environmental policy (R. izci), Turkish Foreign policy (O. Terzi), migration and asylum policies (C. Macmillan) or on social actors; civil society (S. Oner), feminism (S. Ucan Cubukcu).Most of the authors deal with the different models of EU external governance established by Schimmefennig and Sedelmeier concerning the CEECs: the externalincentives, social-learning and lesson-drawing models. The conditionality that has dominated scholars' works about the CEECs and Turkey's candidacies from 1999 to 2005 is at the core of the book. Most chapters analyze to what extent the main factors of the external-incentive model (the credibility of the EU conditionality, the cost and benefit calculation of the strategic actors whose interests are at stake, the opposition and veto of the other players) are operational to understand the transformation (or non-transformation) that occurred in the field they focus on. In that sense, the book provides a very interesting insight into the current efficiency of such a model. But one could regret that doing so limits most of the essays in the underlying assumptions of this model. Although different chapters shed light on other very interesting dimensions, the volume does not propose a new way of thinking about Europeanization in Turkey.Various chapters show that EU external incentives are important to understand the Turkish case. They explain how, in most instances, the credibility of accession conditionality was a crucial factor in reform, reinforced by the coming to power of the AKP. As C. Nas and Y. Ozer demonstrate, the EU has led to a transformation of the Turkish identity and to a phase of democratization. On the other hand, the decrease in credibility lias slowed the process of alignment on the EU acquis communautaire or has reoriented the policies. The essays show, however, that the effects of rising or declining credibility can be complex. In the area of foreign policy, for example, C. Nas argues that Turkey's identity is being Europeanized in a quite contradictory way. The EU candidacy process lias helped Turkey transform its international standing by becoming a more assertive international player that aims to influence the normative dimension of international politics, particularly in the regions sunounding it, above all the Middle East. O. Terzi adds that Turkish foreign policy has become more dominant in the Middle East in the absence of a strong European perspective. Yet the AKP's leaders often remark about the convergence of their policies towards the West and the Middle East or the Muslim world. D. Tsarouhas demonstrates that the effects of conditionality are related to the strength of the EU policy itself: with respect to EU social policy, the limited Europeanization in Turkey is explained with references to weakly developed EU social policy and the weakness of the soft-coordination approach. This also has been pointed out in the case of the CEEC's enlargement. …" @default.
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• W1562315938 title "Turkey and the European Union: Processes of Europeanisation" @default.
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