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• W1562970088 abstract "1Prior to that time, mortgages typically had short terms (often less than five years), carried variable rates, and required final “balloon” payments that were generally refinanced. In the early 1930s residential real estate values (and financial asset values generally) fell dramatically. Coupled with limited refinancing opportunities, this decline generated a wave of mortgage defaults and foreclosures, further depressing the housing market. The federal government responded to this crisis by creating several financial institutions to promote the use of long-term, fixed-rate, fully amortizing residential mortgages. The first of these new institutions was the Federal Home Loan Bank System (FHLB System), which was created in 1932 as a collection of cooperatively owned wholesale banks. Historically, the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs or Banks) primarily acted as a reliable provider of long-term funding to specialized mortgage lenders. Specifically, the Banks made (over)collateralized loans, known as “advances,” to thrift institutions and a few insurance companies. While the advance business has endured, the FHLB System has evolved since the resolution of the 1980s thrift crisis. The Financial Institutions Recovery and Reform Act of 1989 (FIRREA) included two provisions that precipitated lasting changes for the FHLBs. First, the law opened FHLB membership to all depository institutions with more than 10 percent of their portfolios in residential mortgage-related assets. This change allowed many commercial banks and credit unions to join the FHLB System for the first time. Membership increased from 3,200 to more than 8,000 between 1989 and 2005 despite the declining number of federally insured thrifts, which were legally required to be FHLB members until 1999. The transition from mandatory to voluntary FHLB membership also arguably forced the Banks to become more attuned to their members’ desire for attractive advance rates and dividend payments. Second, FIRREA imposed “income taxes” on the individual FHLBs. They must now pay 20 percent of" @default.
• W1562970088 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1562970088 date "2006-06-22" @default.
• W1562970088 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1562970088 title "Migration in the Tenth District: Long-Term Trends and Current Developments" @default.
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