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- W1565089604 abstract "1. Introduction At end of 20th century, Roger and Tibben-Lemke (1999) defined reverse logistics concept as the process of planning, implementing and controlling efficient, cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from point of consumption to point of origin for purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. At that time, this definition did not take into consideration package materials. De Brito (2003) completes above definition and describes reverse logistics as the process of planning, implementing and controlling backwards flows of raw materials, in-process inventory, packaging and finished goods from manufacturing, distribution or use point to a point of recovery or proper disposal. Recently, in 2006, Reverse Logistics Association expanded definition beyond returns processing to include repair, customer services, parts management, end-of-life manufacturing and order fulfilment. Nowadays there are a lot of definitions for reverse logistics, but literature, still at beginnings, is scarce and not well structured. It can be outlined some directions (philosophies) that have evolved during time with respect to domain and needs of actors: economic agents, population, local or central public authorities, non-governmental agencies. These directions dealing with reverse logistics are depicted in figure 1 and relate to: 1. municipal waste logistics; 2. reverse logistics of refused goods, recently coming out due to e-commerce development; 3. reverse logistics of used and unused goods with recovery value: * out of order goods, unused for repairing, * obsolete and replaced goods, with recovery value, used or unused; * unwished goods and not returned to early selling point. Figure 1 outlines those stages in a reverse logistics chain that require presence of centralized recovery centres--CRC, where either non-used products or used products having re-use value could be easily collected. In an extended and comprehensive study already mentioned, Rogers and Tibben-Lamke (1999) thoroughly examine key elements of reverse logistics management, where centralized recovery centre is one of issues of successful recovery management strategy, as one can see in following list: * Gatekeeping * Compacting Disposition Cycle Time * Reverse Logistics Information Systems * Centralised Return Centres (CRC) * Zero Returns * Remanufacturing and Refurbishment * Asset Recovery * Negotiation * Financial management * Outsourcing. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Another important issue, rather as an environmental principle, is Extended Producer Responsibility--EPR. This principle has meaning (Sands, 2003) of legal nuance to term, in a sense that binds acts of international organizations, state practice and soft law commitments. In EPR programs, producers' liability, physical, financial and informative responsibilities are extended to cover end-of-life phase of their products to various degrees (Manomaivibool, 2009). The infamous of waste electrical and electronic equipment Directive 2002/96/EC of European Union puts a rather comprehensive scope of responsibility on producers. The transposition of waste electrical and electronic equipment--WEEE Directive into national legislations and implementation in 27 member states varies considerable (Huisman et al. 2007). Starting with experience of European EPR program of WEEE, this paper considers that there are at least three necessary elements of any other EPR program (related to any other end-of-life products): 1. controlled downstream activities, 2. resource flows from identifiable producers to downstream activities, 3. …" @default.
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- W1565089604 date "2009-08-01" @default.
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- W1565089604 title "Reverse Logistics and Space Allocation for Recovery Management in New Urban Settlements" @default.
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