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• W1565178458 abstract "1 1 Abstract Nanoparticles (NP) are already used in different commercially available products and therefore, release to environmental compartments occurs consequently. Unfortunately, only little information is currently available to describe and quantify the release and fate of nanoparticles and the risk they may pose to organisms. In this study, we calculated predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) based on a probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA) from a life-cycle perspective of nanoparticles containing products. We considered nano-Ag, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNT), nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO for Europe, Switzerland and USA. To account for the lack of data and for including variability and uncertainty of parameters, a probabilistic modeling approach was used which was based on Monte Carlo simulations combined with an extensive sensitivity analysis. The environmental concentrations were calculated as probabilistic density functions and were compared to data from ecotox studies. For water compartments the range for the mode of concentrations lies within 0.001 ng L-1 (CNT, USA) and 15.21 ng L-1 (nano-TiO2, Europe) for surface water and within 3.96 ng L-1 (fullerenes, Switzerland) and 3.47 μg L-1 (nanoTiO2, Europe) for sewage treatment effluent. For air, the mode of the concentration is very low (maximum for nano-TiO2, Europe: 0.236 ng m-3). For Europe and USA the annual increase of NP on sludge treated soil is relatively high, the mode ranges from 1.01 ng kg-1 (fullerenes, USA) to 89.2 μg kg-1 (nano-TiO2, Europe). The mode of the concentrations for the soil compartment ranges from 0.024 ng kg-1 (fullerenes, USA) to 1.28 μg kg-1 (nano-TiO2, Europe). Our results indicate that currently risk to aquatic organisms emanate from nano-Ag, nano-TiO2 and nanoZnO in the sewage treatment effluent for all considered regions. Currently, all other NP seem non-hazardous for the other environmental compartments where ecotoxicological data with standardized end points were available. The sensitivity analysis showed that removal efficiency during waste water treatment and water flow to the sewage treatment plant are important parameters. For EU and USA application of sewage sludge to soil was also a very sensitive flow. Furthermore, product distribution and the production volumes of NP and thus the primary input path of nanoparticles from products with different life-cycles were also found to be very influential. 2 Introduction Nanotechnology and therefore nanoparticles (NP) are already applied in several commercial available consumer products such as in cosmetics, textiles, electronic appliances, dietary supplements and in other materials. In Europe, nanotechnology receives about 1 billion euro of funding whereof two-third comes from national and regional programs (1). Hence, an increase of NP production volumes and new nanotechnology based products may be reasonably assumed. Nanoparticulate silver is widely used to turn common products such as textiles, plastics or even cosmetics to bactericidal products. According to the inventory of nanotechnology based products from the Woodrow Wilson Institute (2) more than 230 different commercially available products are containing nano-Ag as of August 2008. Although there is growing concern that NP may be harmful, the photocatalytic metal oxides nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO found their way in sunscreens and other skin products as UV light absorbing components which are transparent (3)." @default.
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• W1565178458 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W1565178458 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1565178458 title "Risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles based on probabilistic material flow analysis" @default.
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• W1565178458 doi "https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005906857" @default.
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