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• W1567335280 endingPage "98" @default.
• W1567335280 startingPage "41" @default.
• W1567335280 abstract "Soil life depends on water, inorganic chemical elements and organic matter. Due to photosynthesis there is the growth of vegetation, primary production. The role of vegetation and humus in relation to their function and the many characteristics of their composition have been described in relation to soil quality and soil health. Soil is an environmental component and is permanently changing due to the often cyclic processes of litter supply. This chapter focuses on vegetation and humus and their various interacting components. The overview looks at present day knowledge and classical scientific knowledge. Moreover, it emphasizes the possibility of applying neglected data to present day soil management.Differences in the chemistry and structure of soils and litter cause great diversity in vegetation types. The way plants cope with various concentration of nutrients in the soil is partly formalized in the indicator values for plant species (Ellenberg) that can be deduced from soil type, moisture regime and nutrient regime. In general higher nutrient levels as well as chemically extreme environments result in lower plant diversity. The adaptation of plants to changing environmental components is a permanent process, resulting after decennia or centuries in resistant ecotypes, as in the case of a surplus of heavy metals in specifically metal-resistant ecotypes of the grasses Agrostis and Festuca, or in endemic species such as the Zinc violet. Mycorrhiza can protect roots against a surplus of heavy metals.The role of organic matter, its quantitative production and the various humus forms such as Fulvic Acid (FA) and Humic Acid (HA) have been evaluated. Soil types have been arranged according to organic matter conversion types in Mull with very active fauna and microflora, Mor that is the opposite, and Moder which lies between both types. The functionality of soils and their vegetation are often evaluated on a very limited spatial scale. They should be considered in the spatial context of a landscape above and below the soil surface.Several very specific indicators can be applied for chemical changes in the soil. A very general indicator of soil quality is the change in plant species composition, evaluated by Ellenberg's indicator values and related to the effects of manure, heavy metals, acidification and desiccation.The chemical composition of macro-elements and metals of the above ground vegetation and its analysis can provide information on the behaviour and availability of metals in the underground. This may reflect the position and capacity of the root and mycorrhiza system especially in buried (or covered) soil areas.The species-specific accumulation of chemical elements in leaf and above ground tissues and in litter has to be incorporated in the evaluation of soil quality and health, but is still missing in most ecological soil studies and in soil legislation as far as ecological risk assessment is concerned.There is hardly any vegetation and soil in any ecosystem that has escaped mechanical damages as a result of heavy machines, and modification to its chemistry by human activities. Physical impacts on the soil, resulting in soil compaction can be evaluated by root and mycorrhiza development that is restricted in compacted soil.In evaluating soil vitality, past, present and future land use has to be defined. Also impacts of physical, chemical and biological disturbance and the consequences for vegetation, soil organic matter, decomposition rate, and the impact on the soil profile have to be characterized.In general, plants and micro-organisms and to a lesser degree animals, have sufficient genetic potential to colonize each soil if water is available and changes occur slowly. The biodiversity of vegetation and fauna on soils with extreme saline and heavy metal-enriched environments may be very low. Such soil will not support the growth of edible plants, but the soil itself is still very vital." @default.
• W1567335280 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1567335280 creator A5067615320 @default.
• W1567335280 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W1567335280 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W1567335280 title "Chapter 3 Vegetation, organic matter and soil quality" @default.
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