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• W1568207206 abstract "While there clearly is an intimate relationship between astrocytes and microglia, few studies have examined these potentially dynamic interactions. In this study, cytokine-mediated communication between microglia and astrocytes under inflammatory conditions was investigated. We have previously shown that activated microglia produce Interleukin (IL)-10, a regulatory cytokine that plays an important role in resolving neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which IL-10 attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain is unclear. Here, we show that IL-10 redirected astrocytes regulate the activation of microglia in a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β dependent manner. In support of this concept, astrocytes in the brain maintained higher IL-10 receptor (IL-10R1) expression and primary astrocytes in culture were markedly more sensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 compared with microglia. Moreover, studies using primary cultures and an astrocyte-microglia coculture system revealed that astrocytes mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 on microglia through the production of TGFβ. For instance, only when astrocytes were present did IL-10 stimulation reduce the expression of IL-1β and increase expression of anti-inflammatory mediators fractalkine receptor (CX3 CR1) and interleukin 4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) in microglia. Importantly, these IL-10-astrocyte dependent effects on microglia were blocked by a TGFβ inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibition of TGFβ signaling in the brain resulted in prolonged sickness behavior and amplified pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, IL-10 stimulated the production of TGFβ by astrocytes, which in turn, attenuated microglial activation. Overall, these findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms by which astrocytes modulate microglia under inflammatory conditions." @default.
• W1568207206 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1568207206 date "2014-02-25" @default.
• W1568207206 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W1568207206 title "TGFβ produced by IL-10 redirected astrocytes attenuates microglial activation" @default.
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• W1568207206 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22647" @default.
• W1568207206 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4061706" @default.
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