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• W1569080743 abstract "ABSTRACTInstructors may find that students are not making an adequate effort to learn. This study addresses student effort by developing and testing a model that shows how it can be influenced by helping a student fulfill three psychological needs as well as adopt an effective goal orientation. Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory are drawn upon to advance hypotheses that are tested as a structural equation model using data collected from business students. Findings reveal the influence of these factors, thus highlighting their importance and suggesting that instructors give attention to them when deciding to take steps to increase student effort. Recommendations for structuring the learning environment and future research are provided. Before model development, we answer a fundamental question: Does the effort of a student matter? To answer, a summary of research indicating a positive relationship between effort and an individual 's intelligence is presented. Research is also noted that revealed less effort among college students at a time when more effort is needed.INTRODUCTIONIncreasing student effort is a challenge for instructors when they find that students' perceptions of the effort needed to learn are inaccurate. It is critically important to meet the challenge because the effort extended is possibly the most important determinant of students' academic success (Pace, 1979) and personal and social development (Ethington & Horn, 2007). Instructors may design courses and interact with students in ways that influence the level of effort. However, there is a chance that the approaches taken may not yield good results. This study contributes to the literature by developing and testing a model that can serve as a framework for instructors to reflect upon when determining how to increase the quality of student effort.We first highlight the need for research in this area by noting a study indicating the lack of student effort and a body of research that helps to answer a fundamental question: Does the effort of a student matter? Hypotheses are then advanced to form a model extending previous research on the quality of student effort. Previous research examined psychological needs (Pass & Neu, 2012) and the influence of them in tandem with a mastery goal orientation (Pass, 2013). The current study considers whether increasing student effort matters and the influence of psychological needs on both mastery and performance goal orientations. Relationships between each type of goal orientation and the quality of student effort are also proposed and tested.The quality of student effort is defined as voluntary behavior or personal investment that a student makes for their education. The concept has been operationalized as how frequently students carry out learning activities, such as taking detailed notes during class (Pace, 1998). The frequency of completing activities may not fully represent the quality of student effort because some students may accomplish activities frequently but without investing much serious effort. They may simply go through the motions without much effort to learn. For this reason, we expand the quality of student effort concept by considering the intensity exhibited by students when completing learning activities. The intensity of student effort is operationalized as the student's perceptions of how hard he or she works on completing learning activities.BACKGROUNDWe conceptualize a model with hypotheses for testing relationships between goal orientations, psychological needs, and the quality of student effort. Before covering the nature of achievement goals and psychological needs, we point to research indicating the positive relationship between effort and an individual's intelligence, thus answering a fundamental question: Does the effort of a student matter? Research is also noted that revealed less effort being exhibited among college students at a time when rigorous assignments are recommended as a way to improve learning. …" @default.
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• W1569080743 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W1569080743 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1569080743 title "The Importance of Student Effort and Relationships with Goals Orientations and Psychological Needs" @default.
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