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• W1569189120 abstract "INTRODUCTION In his book The Rule of the late Lord Tom Bingham makes it clear that the principle of of law does not import unqualified admiration of the judges, or lawyers. (1) However, as the author rightly adds, one would rather live in a country that respects such a principle than one which does not. Generally speaking, the rule of law means that all persons are bound by the law and no one is above the law. And, as the eminent jurist points out and most would agree, an independent judiciary is fundamental to the rule of law. Such independence is not limited to the political branches of government; it also extends to any particular individual or group. Yet, given their potential power and interests, it is most important for judges to be free from interference by the executive and legislative authorities. Unfortunately, most people do not enjoy the blessings of the rule of law. They live in countries where the image of Lady Justice, wearing her blindfold, is simply that--an image far removed from reality--her blindfold often removed or not there to begin with. Impartial justice is rare: seldom dispensed without fear or favor and regardless of money or power. In many settings, there is a cultural disregard for the rule of law and values of independence and impartiality. An illustration of this grim reality is depicted in the New York Times series Above the Law, the winner of the most recent Pulitzer Prize for international reporting. (2) This series of journalistic materials, produced by Ellen Barry and Clifford Levy, shows widespread abuse of power in Russia's justice system and violence against rights and opposition activists, jurors, and journalists. (3) They clearly demonstrate a culture of impunity with no respect for the rule of law, judicial independence or impartiality. (4) Constitutional safeguards to ensure judicial independence exist, but they do not work in practice. Examples of pervasive government abuse such as this abound worldwide. Their devastating effects on society make it clear why building the rule of law and functioning judiciaries has become a central concern of the international development community. The World Bank (the Bank), arguably the premier development institution, recognizes that countries with weak legal and judicial systems are economically and socially impaired. (5) For about two decades, the Bank has been a key player in helping to strengthen judiciaries in developing countries, providing significant financial and technical assistance for justice reform. As of its last compendium, issued in 2009, the Bank's justice sector assistance and reform portfolio comprised nearly 2,500 justice reform activities in developing or transition countries. (6) These activities take many operational forms and span all Bank operational instruments: including loans or credits, grants, technical assistance, and research. Central to this portfolio are the operations, those lending operations that take justice sector institutions as their primary focus. This Article analyzes the manner in which the Bank evaluates and addresses judicial independence in its portfolio of stand-alone operations. It focuses particularly on the independence of judges from political power. It shows that the Bank fails to evaluate political interference in the judicial process in a coherent, consistent and comprehensive manner and to address the underlying cultural forces. Section I describes the legal basis for the Bank's engagement in judicial reform and reviews the development of the Bank's thinking and strategy. Its emphasis is on how such strategy affirms the strategic significance and centrality of judicial independence to judicial reform efforts. The Article then moves from the Bank's strategy to its practice. Section II comprehensively examines the Bank's portfolio of stand-alone operations, analyzing how the Bank addresses judicial independence in such projects in light of its strategy. …" @default.
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• W1569189120 title "The World Bank and Judicial Reform: Overcoming “Blind Spots” in the Approach to Judicial Independence" @default.
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