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• W1569201279 abstract "Abstract The founder of the Franciscan Order, Francis was born in Assisi, the son of a wealthy cloth merchant, and joined his family business. In 1202, in the Battle of Collestrada between Assisi and Perugia, he was taken prisoner. On his return home, he found himself disillusioned with life after a long illness and increasingly drawn to a life of penance and prayer. On a pilgrimage to Rome, he was moved to compassion by the beggars outside St. Peter's; he gave his possessions to one of them and as a result had to beg for alms. Returning to Assisi he broke with his old companions and his father. He overcame the fear of disease by embracing lepers, and began spending his resources in repairing churches, beginning with St. Damiano. One morning in 1208 while attending mass in the Church at Portiuncula in the plain below Assisi, he had a vision in which he was called to renounce everything and follow the Lord as commanded in Matthew 10:7–19. He discarded his shoes and staff, put on long, dark raiment girded with a cord and entered into his lifelong ministry. He renounced his patrimony in a dramatic scene before the Bishop of Assisi. Soon he gathered a band of people and began preaching publicly. Within a year he had 12 brothers and he wrote down a brief statement that would serve as their Rule, known as Regula Primitiva . Francis journeyed to Rome and secured the approval of Pope Innocent II for his group, now known as Lesser Brothers or Friars Minor. With the rural chapel of Portiuncula as their headquarters, they spread out in small bands through central Italy devoting themselves to contemplative prayers even while working as laborers and preaching. In 1212 Clare, a young aristocratic Assisian, joined the movement and with several other companions founded the community called the Poor Ladies of San Damiano. Around the same time, Francis founded his Third Order, known as Brothers and Sisters of the Penance. Francis' ministry soon spread beyond the borders of Italy. In 1215 he was at the Fourth Lateran Council and obtained from Pope Honorius III the Portiuncula Indulgence giving special dispensation for his Order. In the same year he sent missions beyond the Alps and even to the Middle East, then under the grip of the Muslims. Francis was in Egypt in 1219 where the Crusaders were mounting an attack on the Muslim forces of Sultan Al‐Kamil. He was present at the siege of Damietta and engaged the sultan in a discussion but was unable to convert him. He returned to Italy where he was faced with serious dissensions in the Franciscan Order. Francis resigned the day‐to‐day administration of the order and placed Cardinale Ugolino da Segni, the future Gregory XI, at its head. In 1223 Francis obtained papal approval for codifying his Rule known as Regula Prima into Regula Bullata , the first rule to receive papal sanction. Under the new Rule, Francis resigned as minister general of the order but remained its spiritual head. Also in 1223 Francis created the first Christmas crib in history when celebrating Christmas at the hermitage in Greccio." @default.
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• W1569201279 date "2011-11-25" @default.
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• W1569201279 title "<scp>F</scp> rancis of Assisi, <scp>St</scp> . (1181/2–1226)" @default.
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• W1569201279 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0558" @default.
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