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• W1569305989 abstract "The sheer abundance of Joyce Carol Oates's fiction has tended to forestall careful critical analysis of individual works, especially of her books published before her 1969 novel, them, which won National Book Award in 1970 and remains her most-discussed longer work. In particular, her earliest short-story volumes have received little scrutiny, since most analysis has focused on The Wheel of Love (1970), which contains such familiar anthology staples as Are You Going, Where Have You Been? and How I Contemplated World from Detroit House of Correction and Began My Life Over Again. Yet her first collection, By North Gate (1963), not only investigates virtually all important themes that characterize her dozens of subsequent books, but also contains several stories that remain among her finest. Even its weaker pieces repay close study, for they show with special clarity philosophical and literary influences that were shaping Oates's thought and aesthetics as a very young writer, and that she would assimilate with greater skill and subtlety in her later work. By North Gate may be viewed as a microcosm of Joyce Carol Oates's entire career in fiction. Though at first glance it seems relatively narrow in scope--dealing mostly with dispossessed characters living in County, a setting that mythologizes rural area in upstate New York where Oates grew up--the collection scrutinizes with dogged thoroughness moral conditions of an unstable American reality. By North Gate provides a carefully detailed portrait of post-depression rural poor; it investigates women's experience in a patriarchal mid-twentieth-century culture that conformed to long-standing social, religious, and family models; and it suggests moral vacuum at heart of such sacred American institutions as law and academe. Although stories are not technically adventurous, since Oates was not yet experimenting with form and technique in bold manner of her later volumes and of American writing generally in later 1960s and early 1970s, they exhibit aesthetic predilections that would remain constant in her later career and that suggest certain major writers--especially Nietzsche, Faulkner, and Flannery O'Connor--as significant influences on her early career. Perhaps most immediately striking is Faulknerian mythmaking, for Eden County is clearly intended as a Northern analogue to Yoknapatawpha;(1) Oates is here staking out her own postage stamp of earth, its ironic name suggesting an allegorical microcosm of humanity in general and, in particular, of an American paradise lost, its bewildered inhabitants spilled out into a ruthless, barren world where mere survival is a kind of triumph. A major charactcristic of this modern world--and here O'Connor's influence becomes patent--is its random violence, symbolic of its loss of social cohesion or philosophical meaning. For O'Connor, however, such loss is only in minds of her prideful, hard-headed characters, who must be moved by violent means into collisions with divine grace; in Oates's case, this dark reality becomes a potentially overwhelming convergence of forces-natural, social, psychological--against which her characters pit their human will to endure. Oates, who repudiated her inherited Catholicism as fervently as O'Connor embraced hers, has observed that the world has no meaning; I am sadly resigned to this fact. But world has many individual and alarming and graspable and adventure of human beings consists in seeking out these meanings (The Nature of Short Fiction xii). This suggests basic humanistic goal (as distinct from O'connor's theological one) of Oates's fiction; and her focus upon a multiplicity of meanings, rather than an orthodox system of belief, helps explain why shorter forms of fiction are particularly suited to her (at this writing, she has published more than 500 stories) and why they are most appropriate vehicle for her fragmented but powerful vision. …" @default.
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• W1569305989 date "1993-01-01" @default.
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• W1569305989 title "A Barbarous Eden: Joyce Carol Oates's First Collection" @default.
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