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• W1569406 abstract "s International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences. Ann Arbor, MI. 53: 2: 483A. Stevens, Kenneth N., and Arthur S. House. 1963. “Perturbation of Vowel Articula tions By Consonantal Context: An Acoustical Study.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. Vol. 6, 2:111-128 Thomas, Erik R. 2002. “Instrumental Phonetics.” The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. J.K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling- Estes, eds. Oxford: Blackwell. Thomas, Erik R. 2001. An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Variation in New World English. Publication of the American Dialect Society. Duke Univ. Press. Num. 85. Thomas, Erik R. 1997. “A rural/metropolitan split in the speech of Texas Anglos.” Language Variation and Change. 9:309-332. Trudgill, Peter. 1974. “Linguistic Change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography. Language in Society. 2:215-246 Ward, Michael. 2003. Portland Dialect Study: The fronting of /ow,o,uw/ in Port- land, Oregon. MA thesis, Portland State University. See also: . Department of Linguistics Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2150 dialect@stanford.edu 1 U.S. Census Bureau; “Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File;” Date accessed 23 September 2003. . 2 See, e.g., Labov, Yaeger, & Steiner (1972). All the speakers in this study were residents of Flagstaff or living within a half-hour radius of Flagstaff at the time of the interview. All the speakers had also lived in Flagstaff since age 7 or prior, although they varied in the amount of time spent living outside of Northern Arizona. All the speakers of the current study were native speakers of English, mostly monolingual, and all European-American. I interviewed the speakers for 30 to 45 minutes each. Word lists were also recorded, at the close of the interview, but the only data from these tokens used in the analysis were for instances of /uwl/, which occurred rarely in the interview speech. 3 Speakers were contacted by snowball method. Interviews were conducted at the speakers’ home or in a quiet public space. Questions asked focused on local issues and the speaker’s life in Arizona. Recordings of the interviews were made on either a digital mini-disc recorder [Sharp MDSR60S mini-disc player/recorder] or a digital wave recorder [Olympus W-10 handheld voice recorder]. The interviews were then transferred to digital wave files and analyzed on Praat [http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/]. 4 Words were chosen from the interviews for analysis based on syllabicity, stress, and phonological environment. F1 and F2 measurements were made for all vowels at least 50 milliseconds past the onset or in the middle of the steady state, and again at the offset if the vowel was a diphthong (see Thomas, 2002). Each vowel was coded for F1, F2, duration, stress, consonantal environment, and the conversation topic in which the word occurred. All vowel space figures in this paper were created on PLOTNIK, which was developed by William Labov in 1992 (and is continuously updated), and can be obtained through the United States Regional Survey, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 3550 Market Street Suite 201, Philadelphia, PA 19104. It is currently only available for Macintosh. See also: 5 All names are pseudonyms." @default.
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• W1569406 date "2005-01-01" @default.
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• W1569406 title "One Shift, Two Groups: When Fronting Alone Is Not Enough" @default.
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