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• W1569706886 abstract "The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Lubricants in the Tribological System2.1.Friction2.1.1.Types of Friction2.1.2.Friction and Lubrication Conditions2.2.Wear3.Rheology of Lubricants3.1.Viscosity3.2.Special Rheological Effects3.3.Viscosity Grades4.Base Oils4.1.Historical Review and Outlook4.2.Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils4.3.Refining4.3.1.Distillation4.3.2.Deasphalting4.3.3.Traditional Refining Processes4.3.3.1.Acid Refining4.3.3.2.Solvent Extraction4.3.4.Solvent Dewaxing4.3.5.Finishing4.4.Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking4.4.1.Manufacturing Naphthenic Base Oils by Hydrogenation4.4.2.Production of White Oils4.4.3.Lube Hydrocracking4.4.4.Catalytic Dewaxing4.4.5.Wax Isomerization4.4.6.Hybrid Lube Oil Processing4.4.7.All-Hydrogen Route4.4.8.Gas-to-Liquids Conversion Technology4.5.Boiling and Evaporation Behavior of Base Oils5.Synthetic Base Oils5.1.Synthetic Hydrocarbons5.1.1.Polyalphaolefins5.1.2.Polyinternalolefins5.1.3.Polybutenes5.1.4.Alkylated Aromatics5.1.5.Other Hydrocarbons5.2.Halogenated Hydrocarbons5.3.Synthetic Esters5.3.1.Esters of Carboxylic Acids5.3.1.1.Dicarboxylic Acid Esters5.3.1.2.Polyol Esters5.3.1.3.Other Carboxylic Esters5.3.1.4.Complex Esters5.3.1.5.Fluorinated Carboxylic Acid Esters5.3.2.Phosphate Esters5.4.Polyalkylene Glycols5.5.Other Polyethers5.5.1.Perfluorinated Polyethers5.5.2.Polyphenyl Ethers5.5.3.Polysiloxanes (Silicone Oils)5.6.Other Synthetic Base Oils5.7.Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants6.Additives6.1.Antioxidants6.1.1.Mechanism of Oxidation and Antioxidants6.1.2.Compounds6.2.Viscosity Modifiers6.2.1.VI Improvement Mechanisms6.2.2.Structure and Chemistry of Viscosity Modifiers6.3.Pour Point Depressants6.4.Detergents and Dispersants6.4.1.Metal-Containing Compounds (Detergents)6.4.2.Ashless Dispersants (AD)6.5.Antifoam Agents6.6.Demulsifiers6.7.Dyes6.8.Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives6.9.Friction Modifiers6.10.Corrosion Inhibitors6.10.1.Antirust Additives6.10.2.Metal Passivators7.Lubricants in the Environment7.1.Current Situation7.1.1.Economic Consequences and Substitution Potential7.1.2.Agriculture, Economy, and Politics7.2.Biodegradable Base Oils for Lubricants7.2.1.Synthetic Esters7.2.2.Polyalkylene Glycols7.2.3.Polyalphaolefins7.2.4.Relevant Properties of Biodegradable Base Oils7.3.Additives7.4.Products (Examples)8.Lubricants for Internal Combustion Engines8.1.Four-Stroke Engine Oils8.1.1.General Overview8.1.1.1.Fundamental Principles8.1.1.2.Performance Specifications8.1.1.3.Formulation of Engine Oils8.1.1.4.Additives8.1.2.Characterization and Testing8.1.2.1.Physical and Chemical Testing8.1.2.2.Engine Testing8.1.2.3.Passenger Car Engine Oils8.1.2.4.Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles8.1.3.Classification by Specification8.1.3.1.MIL Specifications8.1.3.2.API and ILSAC Classification8.1.3.3.ACEA Specifications8.1.3.4.Manufacturers’ Approvals8.1.3.5.Future Trends8.2.Two-Stroke Oils8.2.1.Application and Characteristics8.2.2.Classification8.2.2.1.API Service Groups8.2.2.2.JASO Classification8.2.2.3.ISO Classification8.2.3.Oils for Two-Stroke Outboard Engines8.2.4.Environmentally Friendly Two-Stroke Oils8.3.Tractor Oils8.4.Gas Engine Oils8.5.Marine Diesel Engine Oils8.5.1.Low-Speed Crosshead Engines8.5.2.Medium-Speed Engines8.5.3.Lubricants9.Gear Lubrication Oils9.1.Introduction9.2.Requirements of Gear Lubrication Oils9.3.Tribology of Gears9.3.1.Friction Conditions of Gear Types9.3.2.Specific Gear and Transmission Failure9.4.Gear Lubrication Oils for Motor Vehicles9.4.1.Lubricants for Gear Drives in Commercial Vehicles9.4.2.Lubricants for Gear Drives in Passenger Cars9.4.3.Lubricants for Automatic Transmissions and CVTs9.5.Multipurpose Lubricants in Vehicle Gears9.6.Gear Lubricants for Industrial Gears10.Compressor Oils10.1.Gas Compressor10.1.1.Displacement Compressors10.1.2.Dynamic Compressors10.1.3.Preparation of Compressed Air10.1.4.Oils for Compression of Other Gases10.1.5.Characteristics of Gas Compressor Oils10.1.6.Standards and Specifications of Compressor Oils10.2.Refrigerator Oils10.2.1.Introduction10.2.2.Minimum Requirements10.2.3.Classification10.2.4.Viscosity Selection11.Turbine Oils11.1.Demands on Turbine Oils - Characteristics11.2.Formulation11.3.Specifications11.4.Turbine Oil Circuits11.5.Monitoring and Maintenance of Turbine Oils11.6.Life of (Steam) Turbine Oils11.7.Gas Turbine Oils - Application and Requirements11.8.Fire-Resistant, Water-Free Fluids for Power Station Applications11.9.Lubricants for Water Turbines and Hydroelectric Plants12.Metalworking Fluids12.1.Mechanism of Action12.2.Water-Miscible Cutting Fluids12.2.1.Composition12.2.2.Corrosion Protection and Corrosion Test Methods12.2.3.Concentration of Water-Mixed Cutting Fluids12.2.4.Stability of Coolants12.2.5.Foaming Properties12.2.6.Preservation of Coolants with Biocides12.3.Neat Cutting Fluids12.3.1.Specifications12.3.2.Composition12.4.Application12.4.1.Machining with Geometrically Defined Cutting Edges12.4.2.Machining with Geometric Non-Defined Cutting Edges12.5.Storage12.6.Environmental Aspects12.7.New Trends in Coolant Technology13.Forming Lubricants13.1.Sheet Metal Working Lubricants13.1.1.Deep Drawing13.1.2.Stretch Drawing and a Combination of Stretch and Deep Drawing13.1.3.Shear Cutting13.1.4.Choice of Lubricants13.1.5.Sheet Metal Forming in Automobile Manufacturing13.2.Lubricants for Wire, Tube, and Profile Drawing13.2.1.Wire Drawing13.2.2.Profile Drawing13.2.3.Tube Drawing13.2.4.Hydroforming13.3.Lubricants for Rolling13.3.1.Rolling Steel Sheet13.3.2.Rolling Aluminum Sheet13.3.3.Rolling of Other Materials13.4.Lubricants for Solid Metal Forming14.Lubricating Greases14.1.Introduction14.2.Components of Greases14.2.1.Thickeners14.2.1.1.Simple Soaps14.2.1.2.Complex Soaps14.2.2.Other Ionic Organic Thickeners14.2.3.Nonionic Organic Thickeners14.2.4.Inorganic Thickeners14.2.5.Miscellaneous Thickeners14.2.6.Temporarily Thickened Fluids14.3.Base Oils14.3.1.Mineral Oils14.3.2.Synthetic Base Oils14.4.Grease Structure14.5.Additives14.6.Manufacture of Greases14.6.1.Metal Soap-Based Greases14.6.2.Oligourea Greases14.6.3.Gel Greases14.7.Grease Rheology14.8.Performance14.8.1.Test Methods14.8.2.Analytical Methods14.9.Applications14.9.1.Roller Bearings14.9.2.Cars, Trucks, Construction Vehicles14.9.3.Steel Mills14.9.4.Mining14.9.5.Railroad, Railway14.9.6.Gears14.9.7.Food-Grade Applications14.9.8.Textile Machines14.9.9.Applications with Polymeric Materials14.10.Ecology and the Environment14.11.Grease Tribology15.Solid Lubricants15.1.Classification15.1.1.Class 1: Structural Lubricants15.1.2.Class 2: Mechanical Lubricants15.1.3.Class 3: Soaps15.1.4.Class 4: Chemically Active Lubricants15.2.Characteristics15.2.1.Crystal Structures of Lamellar Solid Lubricants15.2.2.Heat Stability15.2.3.Thermal Conductivity15.2.4.Adsorbed Films15.2.5.Chemical Stability15.2.6.Particle Size15.3.Products Containing Solid Lubricants15.3.1.Powders15.3.2.Dispersions and Suspensions15.3.3.Greases and Grease Pastes15.3.4.Pastes15.3.5.Dry-Film Lubricants15.4.Industrial Uses of Products Containing Solid Lubricants15.4.1.Screw Lubrication15.4.2.Roller-Bearing Lubrication15.4.3.Slide Bearing, Slide Guideway, and Slide Surface Lubrication15.4.4.Chain Lubrication15.4.5.Plastic and Elastomer Lubrication16.Testing and Analysis16.1.Base Oil Categories and Evaluation of Various Petroleum Base Oils16.2.Laboratory Methods for Testing Lubricants16.2.1.Density16.2.2.Viscosity16.2.3.Refractive Index16.2.4.Structural Analyses16.2.5.Flash Point16.2.6.Surface Phenomena16.2.7.Cloud Point, Pour Point16.2.8.Aniline Point16.2.9.Water Content16.2.10.Ash Content16.2.11.Acidity, Alkalinity16.2.12.Aging Tests16.2.13.Hydrolytic Stability16.2.14.Corrosion Tests16.2.15.Oil Compatibility of Seals and Insulating Materials16.2.16.Evaporation Loss16.2.17.Analysis of Grease16.3.Mechanical - Dynamic Testing Methods for Lubricants16.3.1.Tribological System Categories within Lubricant Tests16.3.2.Standardized and Nonstandardized Test Methods for Lubricants16.3.3.Common Mechanical - Dynamic Testers17.Economic Aspects18.Disposal of Used Lubricating Oils18.1.Possible Uses of Waste Oil18.2.Legislative Influences on Waste Oil Collection and Reconditioning18.3.Re-refining19.Toxicology and Occupational Health19.1.Safety Aspects of Handling Lubricants (Working Materials)19.1.1.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAK, PAH, PCA)19.1.2.Nitrosamines in Cutting Fluids19.2.Skin Problems Caused by Lubricants20.Acknowledgement" @default.
• W1569706886 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1569706886 creator A5018240312 @default.
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• W1569706886 date "2003-01-15" @default.
• W1569706886 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
• W1569706886 title "Lubricants and Lubrication" @default.
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• W1569706886 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a15_423" @default.
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