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- W1569865573 abstract "Invasion by biotic entities can occur at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and populational levels. Discussed herein are the variety of factors that are involved in the invasion of molluscs by parasites at the cellular, organismal, and populational levels.In order to provide the necessary background for understanding how immunity in molluscs can be altered, what is known about their cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms is reviewed.Relative to molluscan cell-mediated immunity, phagocytosis is the principal mechanism. When dissected into its component phases, it can be demonstrated how exogenous environmental factors can alter (1) attraction between phagocytes and foreign materials, (2) attachment of nonself materials to the surface of phagocytes, and (3) uptake of foreign substances.Relative to humoral immunity, the roles of lysins, growth inhibitors, parasite immobilizing factors, lysosomal hydrolases, and cytotoxic factors are being considered.Evidence supporting the concept that immunologically compromised molluscs are more susceptible to invasion by parasites is presented. Among gastropods and bivalves, which are ectothermal animals with open circulatory systems, several environmental factors, such as alterations in ambient temperature and salinity, introduction of certain heavy metals and hydrocarbons, are known to alter aspects of cell-mediated immunity." @default.
- W1569865573 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1569865573 date "1990-01-01" @default.
- W1569865573 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W1569865573 title "Influence of environmental factors on the invasion of molluscs by parasites: with special reference to Europe" @default.
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- W1569865573 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_19" @default.
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