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• W1569892635 abstract "MORE THAN three decades ago, William L. Rathje and I argued that it was time for Maya scholars to reexamine Postclassic period (AD 1000-1519).2 More specifically, we contended that Postclassic was a time of growing econo-political complexity, not a period of decline and decadence. Furthermore, we posited that rising growth of mercantile interests played a key role in these developments. In effect, we argued that spectacular buildings-temples, palaces, and ball courts-and sophisticated, monumental works of art were not a necessary measure of cultural complexity and that their presence in Classic period and relative absence in Postclassic did not mean that latter was less complex, let alone decadent, as most Maya archaeologists had traditionally contended.3 While some of details of our argument have not stood test of time, general thrust of our perspective has been refined and strengthened by a host of research projects in recent years. My goal in this paper is to examine some of these new scholarly understandings of Postclassic period, with special attention to Late Postclassic and Northern Maya Lowlands (figure 1). THE TRADITIONAL VIEW For much of twentieth century, major focus of attention in Maya archaeology was Classic period (AD 300-1000) in time and Southern Maya Lowlands in space. In particular, principal focus was on elite and their architecture, art, burials or tombs, ceramics, and exotic artifacts (such as jade). Based on this limited focus, prevailing view held that Classic Maya developed peacefully in their jungle stronghold, generally isolated from their Mesoamerican neighbors. The Classic rulers lived in non-urban ceremonial centers surrounded by peasant farmers, who practiced slash-and-burn agriculture and raised maize, beans, and squashes in their shifting fields, providing food and labor for relatively small number of elite who lived in huge palaces in ceremonial centers and worshiped in large temples. The specialists who worked for rulers carved inscriptions on stone monuments that spoke of gods and sacred calendar. For reasons that remained unclear (or at least about which there was no agreement), Classic civilization rapidly collapsed in ninth century AD. Following this collapse in Southern Lowlands, remnant centers slowly declined for a half-dozen centuries until arrival of Spanish. In Northern Lowlands, there was a brief florescence first among Puuc region sites, such as Uxmal, Labna, and Sayil, and then at Chichen Itza in Early Postclassic (the latter stimulated in part by a takeover by Toltecs of Central Mexico, it was then believed), followed by a decadent period in Late Postclassic, which witnessed rise and fall of Mayapan Confederacy and its densely occupied capital city with more than twelve thousand inhabitants within its wall before Spanish Conquest in sixteenth century AD. But neither Chichen Itza nor Mayapan was able to reclaim former material glories of Classic period. The quality and later size of monumental architecture in Postclassic declined, as did artistry of painted ceramics. The Postclassic Maya virtually ceased carving inscriptions on stone monuments, and many other material hallmarks of Classic period faded away. As Tatiana Proskouriakoff famously stated about Mayapan, which flourished between about AD 1250 and 1450, the fall of Mayapan appears as a dramatic culmination of a long process of cultural decay.4 As many scholars have argued,5 by 1970s traditional Maya archaeology and its models of development of Maya civilization began to change significantly. There were many reasons for these changes. Generally speaking, number of field projects increased significantly; there were more rigorous research practices and thus better field data; and new methodologies and new field techniques were introduced, resulting in new kinds of data. …" @default.
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• W1569892635 date "2007-03-01" @default.
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• W1569892635 title "It depends on how we look at things: New perspectives on the postclassic period in the northern maya lowlands" @default.
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