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- W1570248034 abstract "The key to an understanding of international politics in the Middle East in modern times lies in the constantly shifting and uneven relations between outside forces and local actors. Throughout most of the nineteenth century at least four great powers - England, France, Austria-Hungary and Russia competed for power and influence as Turkey-in-Europe slipped from Ottoman control while the sultans continued to retain the allegiance of their Arab subjects in Turkey-in-Asia and the rest of the Empire. According to the traditional view, it was these outside powers with the addition of Bismarck's Germany after 1870, either in combination through the Concert of Europe or more frequently in rivalry with each other, who were the really important actors in the drama, using the local players as mere pawns as they vied with each other to achieve supremacy in the area. A radical departure from this standard interpretation was put forward by Malcolm Yapp in The Making of the Modern Near East (1987) and its companion volume The Near East since the First World War (1991), which arrived at the conclusion that what really dominated the relations between the Near East and the West was 'the manipulation of the international powers by regional powers.' Yapp also departed from the conventional opinion by noting that the repeated crises that turned the Eastern Question into one of the most intransigent problems of nineteenth-century European diplomacy revolved around the issue not so much of the decline of the Ottoman Empire but rather on the conditions for its recovery and survival. An even more sweeping challenge to the accepted view was proposed by Leon Carl Brown in his book, International Politics and the Middle East (1984), suggestively subtitled Old Rules, Dangerous Games. Brown went one step further than Yapp by linking nineteenth century Balkan developments to contemporary Arab politics and to the recurring patterns underlying the dynamics of the inter-Arab state system to the present day. Adopting an analytical approach to supplement the familiar chronology of events, he contended that if seen as a whole the record would show that the principal regional actors had all along enjoyed far more leverage in their" @default.
- W1570248034 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1570248034 date "2000-10-01" @default.
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- W1570248034 title "The classical Eastern question" @default.
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- W1570248034 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200008701339" @default.
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