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• W1570509537 abstract "Distribution ranges of commercial fish and invertebrates are required by the Sea Around Us Project for mapping of global fisheries catches. However, published ranges exist for only a small fraction of the 1231 taxa, composed of 923 species, 161 genera and 147 higher groups used in the latest version of the mapping process (Version 3.1, representative of catches from 1950 to 2003). This paper summarizes the methods employed by the Sea Around Us Project to reduce potentially global distributions to realistic ranges by identifying key ecological information for each of the 1231 commercial taxa, specifically: (i) presence in FAO area(s); (ii) latitudinal range; (iii) range-limiting polygons; (iv) depth range; and (v) habitat preferences. Furthermore, this paper presents an additional filter that outlines how (ii) and (iv) are used to correct the depth range for the effect of ‘equatorial submergence.’ Several examples are used to illustrate this process, notably the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and the Silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis). Throughout this paper, the data sources emphasized include FishBase, other fish and invertebrate databases, and online information where applicable. In addition, simple heuristics are used to replace ecological information that is unavailable or missing. It should be noted that the Sea Around Us Project does not explicitly use temperature and primary production for any of the procedures discussed in this paper. The purpose of this is to allow for subsequent analyses of distribution ranges using these variables. INTRODUCTION The Sea Around Us Project, hosted at the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, is a research initiative devoted to documenting the effects of fisheries on marine ecosystems worldwide and to propose methods to mitigate these impacts. One of the key elements of this work is mapping of marine fisheries catches onto the ecosystems from which they were extracted. The approach used therein is documented in Watson et al. (2004) and its results, regularly updated, are available on the project website (www.seaaroundus.org). This mapping approach depends crucially on the availability of distribution ranges for all taxa (species, genera, etc) reported in marine fisheries catch statistics. Previous mapping of catches relied on distributions constructed from a mixed set of ecological information that resulted in varying degrees of accuracy. This paper, therefore, documents a major revision of all commercial distribution ranges (totaling 1231 for the time period 1950 – 2003) using a set of rigorously applied filters that markedly improved the accuracy and appearance of the Sea Around Us Project maps and other products. These filters include: (i) presence in FAO area(s); (ii) latitudinal range; (iii) range-limiting polygons; (iv) depth range; (v) habitat preferences; and (vi) accounting for the effect of ‘equatorial submergence’ (Ekman, 1967) Two sample taxa are used to illustrate the results of the filter process, the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and the Silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), each representing pelagic and demersal species, respectively. Other species are used to illustrate specific aspects of this filter process, and are referred to in the appropriate section. 1 Cite as: Close, C., Cheung, W., Hodgson, S., Lam, V., Watson, R., Pauly, D., 2006. Distribution ranges of commercial fishes and invertebrates. In: Palomares, M.L.D., Stergiou, K.I., Pauly, D. (eds.), Fishes in Databases and Ecosystems. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 14(4), pp. 27-37. Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia [ISSN 1198-6727]. Distribution of commercial fishes and invertebrates, Close, C. et al. 28 The procedures presented here avoid use of temperature and primary production to define or refine distribution ranges for any of the taxa. This was done in order to allow for subsequent analyses of distribution ranges to be legitimately performed using these variables. This differs from previous construction methods of distribution maps that used primary production to distinguish area of low vs. high abundance within a taxon’s distribution range (Watson et al., 2004). MATERIAL AND METHODS The ‘filters’ used here are listed in the order that they are applied; each filter is documented with a figure and a short description of major sources for the information required at that level. Prior to the ‘filter’ approach presented below, the identity and nomenclature of each taxon was verified using FishBase (www.fishbase.org) and other sources, and the English common names and scientific names were updated. Filter 1: FAO Area The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has divided the world’s oceans into 18 areas for statistical reporting purposes (Figure 1). Information on the occurrence of commercial taxa within these areas is available primarily through: (a) FAO publications and the FAO website (www.fao.org) and (b) FishBase. Figures 2a and 3a illustrate FAO area occurrence of Silver hake and Florida pompano respectively. Filter 2: Latitudinal range The second filter applied in this process is latitudinal ranges. Charles Darwin, after reviewing literature on the distribution of marine organisms, concluded that “latitude is a more important element than longitude” (see Pauly 2004, p. 125, for the sources of this and the quote below). This does not mean, however, that longitude and other factors do not play a role in determining a taxon’s distribution. Still, in the following quote, Darwin illustrates how latitude provides the key to understanding the composition of certain fauna: “Sir J. Richardson says the Fish of the cooler temperate parts of the S. Hemisphere present a much stronger analogy to the fish of the same latitudes in the North, than do the strictly Arctic forms to the Antarctic.” Latitudinal range is defined as a taxon’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes of what is considered their ‘normal’ distribution range and can be found in FishBase for most fishes. For other fishes and invertebrates, latitudes were inferred from the latitudinal range of countries that reported them, and/or from occurrence records in the Ocean Biogeographic Information System website (OBIS; www.iobis.org). A further refinement of a taxon’s latitude range can be defined by its relative occurrence throughout its latitudinal range. From first principles, a taxon can be assumed to be most abundant at the center of its range (McCall, 1990). In cases of distributions confined to either of the two hemispheres, this is approximated by a symmetrical triangular distribution peaking at the mean of the northernmost and southernmost latitudes. For distributions that straddle the equator, it is assumed that a taxon’s range can be broken into three parts – the outer two thirds and the inner or middle third. If the equator falls within one of the outer thirds of the latitudinal range, then the abundance is assumed to be the same as above, and thus the symmetrical triangular distribution can be applied. If, however, the equator falls in the middle third of the range, then the abundance distribution is assumed to be flat in the middle third and decreasing to the poles for the remainder of the distributions range. Figures 2b and 3b illustrate the result of the FAO and Latitudinal filter combined. Both the Silver hake and the Florida pompano follow the symmetrical triangular distribution as noted above. Fishes in Databases and Ecosystems, Palomares, M.L.D., Stergiou, K.I., Pauly, D. 29" @default.
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