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• W1570677639 abstract "is hard to write about my own mother. Whatever I do write, it is my own story I am telling, my version of the past, claims Adrienne Rich (221). So too are daughters in Joyce Carol Oates's fiction caught in the liminal space between their mothers' stories and their own versions. Looking at six novels that span a long time period and a variety of subjects--them (1969), Do With Me What You Will (1973), Childwold (1976), Marya: A Life (1986), You Must Remember This (1987), and Because It Is Bitter, and Because It Is My Heart (1990)--we isolate their resonant bildungsroman core, the daughter's journey to selfhood, as she seeks to answer Maureen Wendall's plaintive question in them: [W]hat does it mean to be a woman? (335). We discuss three components of the daughter's story: first, her complex and fluctuating bond with her mother; second, a move toward a father figure, a move that is both an initiation into sexuality and a quest for liberation from the confines of her mother; and third, her growth out of her relationship with this father figure and concomitant receptivity to a renewed and revised relationship with her mother. Finally, we briefly examine two of Oates's more recent works, Rape: A Love Story (2003) and Missing Mom (2005), which are particularly vivid renderings of the daughter's powerful bond with her mother. The lives of the daughters in all of these works are at best tumultuous and at worst fraught with abuse, yet the daughters manage not only to survive their chaotic beginnings and traumatizing experiences but also to emerge stronger and more self-directed. Despite everything, these are tales of female resilience, adaptation, and survival. Unquestionably, the freighted mother-daughter relationship is at the core of Oates's intensive exploration of what it means to be a woman in contemporary America. The daughters both relive and reinvent the mothers' stories, oscillating among symbiosis with, dependence on, and rejection of their mothers. In contextualizing the mother-daughter relationship, we are indebted to the arguments of critics Nancy Chodorow in The Reproduction of Mothering and Adrienne Rich in Of Woman Born. Looking at the construction of motherhood from psychological and cultural standpoints, respectively, Chodorow and Rich explore the intricacies of motherhood and daughterhood in America. Both writers underscore the extreme ambivalence of the mother-daughter relationship. Chodorow, whose seminal work is a feminist revision of Freudian gender theory, explains that this relationship displays patterns of fusion, projection, narcissistic extension, and denial of separateness (103) and that the daughter is consequently caught between identification with anyone other than her mother and feeling herself her mother's double and extension (138). For Rich, the mother engenders a negative environment for her daughter because of the limited way that motherhood is constructed and understood. The daughter comes to resent or even detest her mother because she sees her as the symbol of restriction: Thousands of daughters see their mothers as having taught a compromise and self-hatred they are struggling to win free of, the one through whom the restrictions and degradations of a female existence were perforce transmitted (235). Oates's novels exemplify the ambivalence and tumult that Chodorow and Rich describe. Sharing striking similarities and differences, the mothers in these novels all assume aspects of the maternal role that we recognize as culturally familiar, but each dramatizes a different way of existing within the constraints of that archetypal role. In our discussion we have grouped the novels in shifting pairs to help elucidate underlying patterns. In Childwold and You Must Remember This, daughters Laney and Enid set off to define themselves and worlds separate from their mothers', but finally each daughter finds much in common with her mother. These novels explore the possibility for symbiosis and mutual understanding within the mother-daughter relationship. …" @default.
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• W1570677639 date "2006-12-22" @default.
• W1570677639 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1570677639 title "What Does It Mean to Be a Woman?: The Daughter's Story in Oates's Novels" @default.
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