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- W1570688950 abstract "The word is an ambiguous term. There is the use of the word in mathematics, where it means practically the same thing as quantity. There is the meaning of an objective standard for judging the worth of anything, as for example, in the phrase survival value. Then there is the sense of demand or cost, where value is usually stated in terms of money. Then there is the phrase spiritual values, the sense of which is seldom made clear. While there has been a great deal written and spoken on the subject of value, primarily by philosophers, it is sometimes held to be an appropriate subject for science. opinion, of course, is being seriously questioned at the present day. As long as values are treated, as they commonly are, as things separate from human beings who have them, they are likely to become the subject of scientific inquiry. However, an attempted operational definition of value clearly points to the fact that they are human reactions, and cannot be sensibly discussed as something separate. For the purpose of the present presentation, value will be operationally defined as a symbolic utterance or act expressing choice or preference. Examples are: is good; B is bad; I prefer X to Y. B C is my order of preference for these three things. It is worth pointing out that value statements are expressed in the form of a proposition, in which the predicate term implies a dichotomous classification, the subject term symbolizes a class of objects. The dichotomous classification is expressed as or not good, pleasant or unpleasant, or any of their cognates. The subject term, for example apple, always involves some degree of abstraction and thus some degree of class extension. The behavioral theory to be discussed is an attempt to explain how these judgments come about. The theory may be briefly outlined as follows. Value judgments are correlated with approach and avoidance reaction tendencies. When an individual says, This is pleasant, he is expressing the fact that he tends to seek or prolong the experience. And of course the opposite holds for things he judges unpleasant. While some few of these reaction tendencies may be produced by instinct or inherited structure, the vast majority are conditioned by experience. That is, in the course of the business of adapting to the environment, the individual has to approach some things and avoid others, and these reactions leave traces in the form of corresponding tendencies. There are several things worth noticing in the beginning about this theory. For one thing it involves an apparent reversal of a common-sense sequence of events. Ordinarily it is thought that one seeks a thing because it is good; this theory in contrast commits us to the belief that a thing is good because one seeks it. Actually the common-sense view does necessarily contradict the theory. Given that an individual has the values (that is, he makes the judgments and has the reaction tendencies), he will plan his behavior accordingly. Thus the values operate as causal agents on the abstract planning level. At the same time, on the level of overt reaction to particular events, the reactions made to objects cause the tendencies, which in turn cause the judgments. It is important to note the self-reflexiveness which this theory involves. is a concept familiar in general semantics. The value judgments are in reality reactions of the individual to his reactions. In some way the overt reactions of the individual are classed on the level of reaction tendencies, and when the individual makes his judgments he is further classifying. HENRY N. PETERS, TOWARDS A BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF VALUE General semanticists have been gravely concerned with these matters. They have been impressed with the idea that both man's greatness and his madness rest on his preoccupation with symbols. A symphony and a ritual of human sacrifice, the Gettysburg Address and the diatribes of a Joe McCarthy, the deductions of a paranoiac and those of the psychiatrist who diagnoses him as a paranoiac, the equations of quantum mechanics and the incantations of a shaman are all instances of symbol manipulation. …" @default.
- W1570688950 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1570688950 date "2003-06-22" @default.
- W1570688950 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W1570688950 title "Fifty Years Ago in Etc" @default.
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